View source for Seattle, WA: The Lesbian Mother's National Defense Fund, the 1970's through the 1990's

''''''“Raising our Children is a Right, Not a Heterosexual Privilege”''''''
-------''Motto of the Lesbian Mother’s National Defense Fund''

The Lesbian Mothers National Defense Fund (LMNDF) was started by a group of young lesbians in Seattle WA in 1974 in order to provide support to lesbians across the United States who were leaving heterosexual marriages and fighting for custody of their children.  Starting with a small group of women and an even smaller amount of money, the LMNDF held fund raisers, raised awareness, collected resources, educated lawyers, paid for court costs and generally supported lesbian mothers. 


== The Lesbian Mother's National Defense Fund (LMNDF) ==

The LMNDF was featured in the 2006 documentary film, ''Mom's Apple Pie: The Heart of the Lesbian Mothers National Defense Fund''. The following information is quoted from this film.

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"The Lesbian Mother's National Defense Fund was an organization formed to support women who were going through divorce and custody cases so that they could retain custody, or at least visitation, with their children."  Lois Thetford. <ref name=Laine> ''Mom's Apple Pie: The Heart of the Lesbian Mother's Custody Movement'', Directed by Jody Laine, Shan Ottey and Shad Reinstein.  Frameline Media, San Francisco CA, 2006. </ref>

“There wasn’t a single case in the  United States in 1972 in which a lesbian mother had won, not only won custody that hadn’t happened, but even won normal visitation rights.” Barbara ‘Boo’ Price <ref name=Laine/>

“The overwhelming legal standard is always best interest of the child so that leaves a lot of discretion to the court judge.”  Jean Rietchel <ref name=Laine/>

One of the impacted children, Melissa Hart, spoke about her experience in the film: "I think divorce is devastating to young children in general, but to be taken away from an absolutely wonderful mother, I mean this was our girl scout leader . . . to be taken away from her because she was sleeping with a woman and dropped into our father's extremely abusive and volatile household, it was devastating. <ref name=Laine/>

“We have managed to find 10 cases that have been won in court by open lesbians.  That is 10 cases, total, ever, in the United States and Canada that there are records on.” A February 1976 LMNDF newsletter, "Mom's Apple Pie," as quoted in the film. <ref name=Laine/>

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According to the documentary film, "Between 1974 and 1980 the Seattle-based Lesbian Mothers’ National Defense Fund provided assistance to over 400 lesbian mothers.” <ref name=Laine/>

A 1994 article published in ''The Progressive'' focused on the work of the LMNDF:
"Twenty years ago, when we started out, there were maybe three cases at one time," says Jenny Sayward, director of the Lesbian Mothers' National Defense Fund, which has been assisting lesbian mothers with custody cases since 1974. In the last few years, more and more lesbian mothers have been fighting for their kids, thanks in part to the Fund.

Perhaps the biggest obstacle to custody battles is the expense, according to Sayward. The Fund helps mothers obtain reduced-cost legal services and provides information to attorneys preparing for litigation. Through its grass-roots "Adopt-a-Mother" program, it links mothers to supporters around the country, who arrange fundraisers for the mother's legal bills.

Those who want to show support for gay and lesbian parents who have been separated from their children because of sexual orientation can also join the Lavender Ribbon Campaign, says Sayward, and wear ribbons to heighten public awareness.

Education is an important part of the Fund's mission. Backed by a small grant, the organization has recently printed a series of inexpensive informational pamphlets for lesbian mothers, covering donor insemination, the basics of custody, and family issues." <ref name=Progressive> "Lesbian Mom's Defense Fund" in ''The Progressive'' (Madison, WI) Feb. 1994 Vol. 58, Issue 2, p. 15. </ref>


== Unfit Mothers: Lesbian Mothers Fight for Custody ==
Two well-known cases of lesbians fighting for custody were fought in Seattle, around the time that LMNDF was founded.  One of the "most famous" cases of lesbian custody was fought by two Seattle women,  Sandy and Madeliene in the early 1970's. <ref name=Rivera> Rivera, Rhonda R. "Our Straight-Laced Judges: The Legal Position of Homosexual Persons in the United States" in ''Hastings Law Journal''  799 1978-1979,799-955 </ref>  This was officially called the Shuster-Issacson case, which was the consolidation of two custody cases in which the fathers and former husbands of the lesbian couple sued Sandy Shuster and Madeliene Isaacson for custody of their children.

According to the ''Hastings Law Journal'', during the original contested divorces-- in which their lesbianism was discussed--the women were awarded custody of their children contingent upon the physical separation of the two women and their children.<ref name=Rivera/>; in other words, they could keep their kids but not live together as a family.  In response, Sandy and Madeleine found separate homes across the hall from each other.  The two fathers subsequently contested custody, arguing that since they had remarried they could provide adequate homes, that the two women were in fact living together against court orders and that they had publicized their relationship. <ref name=Rivera/>


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In support of the lesbian mothers' case, a film was made called ''Sandy and Madeliene's Family'', which featured supportive testimony from Margaret Mead. <ref name=Polikoff> Polikoff, Nancy. B''eyond (Straight and Gay) Marriage: Valuing All Families Under the Law''.  Beacon Press: Boston, 2008. </ref>  In addition, many expert witnesses testified on their behalf.  "After a lengthy trial in which twenty-one witnesses were introduced, including eleven psychiatrists and psychologists, the court found that the change in circumstances was not sufficient to require a change in custody from the mothers to the fathers.  The court noted that 'almost all of the testimony of all the people who actually saw, examined, or talked to the children was that the children are healthy, happy, normal, loving children.'". <ref name=Rivera/>

Around the same time period, Marilyn Koop was not so lucky, when a judge in the same county removed custody of two of her three children. <ref name=Rivera/>  Her children were at one point placed in a juvenile detention center when they refused to live with their father by a judge who thought this a better alternative than returning them to their mother’s “abnormal” and “highly detrimental” living arrangements (as a lesbian couple). <ref name=Polikoff/>


==Mom's Apple Pie: The Newsletter of the LMNDF ==
For over two decades, the Lesbian Mother's National Defense Fund (LMNDF) produced and distributed a newsletter titled "Mom's Apple Pie." The newsletter included letters and pleas from women needing financial support for their current custody battles, drawings, reflections and poetry from lesbian mothers, news updates on relevant court cases and legal changes across the nation, and much more. Following are excerpts, scanned from the original newsletters which were obtained from library archives. As more newsletters become available for scanning, the material included will be updated to more evenly represent the time span of the LMNDF's activities. Around 1990, the LMNDF changed names to become the Lesbian Mother's Resource Network, as can be seen in the following excerpts.  


This essay, published in the Winter 1990 newsletter, was written by a woman struggling to keep custody of her children while openly identifying as a lesbian.
[[Image:LMRN_Winter_1990_Page_3_Do_I_stand_Gay_crop.jpg]]


Also from the Winter 1990 newsletter, this reflection is shared by a lesbian mother who wasn't allowed to raise her son.

[[Image:LMRN_Winter_1990_Page_6_Distant_Son.jpg]]



Lesbian mothers in the midst of custody battles often felt isolated and alone. The LMNDF provided lesbians with critical support in difficult times.  One way they did this was by collecting and sharing local resources for lesbian mothers.  This list of resources was published in the Fall 1990 newsletter.
[[Image:LMRN_Fall_1990_Page_5_list_of_resources.jpg]]


Building the list of resources was a collaborative effort, as can be seen by this plea for contributions that accompanied the publication of the list.
[[Image:LMRN_Fall_1990_Page_5_plea_for_resources.jpg]]


"Mom's Apple Pie" was also full of cheerful images of lesbian mothers, like this one from the Fall 1990 issue.
[[Image:LMRN_Fall_1990_Page_4_image.jpg]]




== Lesbian Mothers in the News ==

Lesbian custody cases were national stories, and made newspaper headlines throughout the life of the LMNDF. The following news articles represent just a few of the cases featured in major newspapers.

[[Image:Texas_LEsbian_Loses_Custody_Mary_Jo.jpg]]

<ref name=NYT75> "Lesbian, in a Texas Trial, Loses Son to Ex-Husband" ''New York Times'' Dec. 24, 1975 page 42 </ref>
The first paragraph of this 1975 article reads, "A jury of 10 men and two women decided today that the 9-year-old son of a self-described lesbian should be taken from his mother and placed in the custody of his father." <ref name=NYT75/>  The article quotes Mary Jo Risher's older son as describing her lesbian relationship as "a source of embarassment to him." <ref name=NYT75/>




[[Image:Sharon_Bottoms_Loses_Custody.jpg]]


<ref name=NYT93> "Gay Woman Loses Custody of Her Son to Her Mother" by B. Drummond Ayres Jr., ''New York Times'' Sept. 8, 1993 page A16 </ref>  This 1993 article features the case of Sharon Bottoms in Richmond Virginia.  The article opens, "In an unusual custody battle, a circuit court here tonight upheld a lower court's decision to take a 2-year-old boy away from his mother and give him to her mother for rearing.  

'The mother's conduct is illegal and immoral and renders her an unfit parent,' Judge Duford M. Parsons Jr. of Henrico Court said in endorsing the earlier decision of the county's juvenile court." <ref name=NYT93/>



[[Image:NYTimes_1994_Lesbianism_Does_Not_Bar_Custody.jpg]]


<ref name=NYT94> "Lesbianism Does Not Bar Child Custody, Court Rules" ''New York Times'' June 22, 1994 page A16 </ref>
This 1994 article continues to focus on Sharon Bottom's custody case: "'The social science evidence showed that a person's sexual orientation does not strongly correlate with that person's fitness as a parent,' Judge Sam W. Coleman 3d wrote for the court, which reunited Sharon Bottoms, 24, of Richmond, with her son Tyler Dostou, 2." <ref name=NYT94/>  The article features an enlarged quote stating "A mother's care outweighs sodomy laws, a judge rules." <ref name=NYT94/>




[[Image:1995_Lesbian_Loses_Custody_Close_Up.jpg]]

<ref name=NYT96> "Lesbianism Loses Court Appeal for Custody of Daughter" by Mireya Navarro ''New York Times'' August 31, 1996 page 7 </ref>

As this 1996 article shows, custody battles continued, this one in Florida where a judge gave custody of a 12-year-old girl to her father, even though he was a convicted of murdering his first wife. <ref name=NYT96/>


[[Image:1980_Custody_Case.jpg]]


<ref name=NYT80> "A Lesbian Who Won Child Custody Battle" by E.R. Shipp ''New York Times'' Sept. 5 1980 page B9 </ref>
The opening paragraph of this 1980 article reads, "Even Rosemary Dempsey acknowledges that the recent court decision allowing her to keep her two children does not in itself set a legal precedent.  But the decision, along with similar ones across the country, is part of a pattern in which more and more judges are awarding custody of children to homosexual mothers." <ref name=NYT80/>



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Subject Categories: Lesbian, mother, custody movement, mom's apple pie, LMNDF, Seattle