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| − | ===Continued from [[Americans in Württemberg Scandal, 1888/Part 1]]===
| + | ==Continued from [[Americans in Württemberg Scandal, 1888/Part 1]]== |
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| − | (In this section, Part II, the footnote numbering begins again with 1.) | + | By Jonathan Ned Katz. Copyright (c) by Jonathan Ned Katz. |
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| − | | + | (In this, Part 2, the footnote numbering begins again with 1.) |
| − | '''Scandal in Württemberg'''
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| − | "His Majesty's Darlings Beat a Sudden ... Retreat," the ''Herald'' reported of Woodcock and Hendry on November 5, 1888.<ref>"Exeunt Woodcock & Co.," ''New York Herald'', November 5, 1888, 7: 3.</ref> The King "has dismissed Woodcock" from his court, added the paper five days later.<ref>"Woodcock Sent Flying," ''New York Herald'', November 10, 1888, 5:3.</ref> King Karl was quoted in the ''World'' of November 18: "At the command of my people I have sacrificed the noblest friend a monarch ever had."<ref>"Baron Woodcock Resigns," ''New York World'', November 18, 1888, 1:3. Woodcock announced his withdrawal from Württemberg in a letter quoted in the same paper.</ref>
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| − | On November 30, the ''New York Herald'' came to Woodcock's defense, quoting "two private letters" written by Donald Hendry "to friends in America" (probably the Reverend Hepworth, the ''Herald's'' editor).<ref>"For The Defense," ''New York Herald,'' November 30, 1888, 5:4.</ref>
| + | '''Woodcock''' |
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| − | Denying the "slanders" of the German "sensational press," Hendry blamed the scandal on the "jealousy and hatred" of those in Germany "who did not understand the relationship" of King Karl and "Mr. Woodcock-Savage."
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| − | Denying that the King had gone "into debt" supporting Woodcock, Hendry maintained: "His Majesty has a capital of several millions and a large income from the Crown estates" -- he was certainly well informed about the royal finances. Woodcock had a contract with the king specifying "the amount of damages to be paid him in case he should leave," Hendry stressed, and: "Of course we have the contract ... and a mass of documents should it ever be necessary to use them" -- a threat to expose materials compromising to the King.
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| − | Hendry presented Woodcock's relationship with the King as hard work: the American "had to be always interesting and entertaining. He had to use all his extra time in reading and finding out what was going on in the world." (Do we note here the complaint of a neglected lover?) Woodcock, said Hendry, "was doing the work of three men."
| + | The ''New York World'' scooped its rival, the ''Herald'', on November 1, with a detailed account of Charles Woodcock's history, stressing his worldly rise from humble butcher's son to king's favorite.<ref>"The King's Two Favorites," The World, November 1, 1888. 16. On Woodcock, also see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Woodcock#External_links</ref> The rags to riches story was getting a workout. |
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| − | '''Return to New York'''
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| − | "Freihier von Savage," "Baron Woodcock," the former "favorite" of the King of Württemberg, had returned to New York City, and was living at his parents," the ''Herald'' reported eight months later, on July 13, 1889.<ref>"Wurttemberg's Favorite Comes To New York," ''New York Herald'', July 13, 1889, 6: 6.</ref> The returnee was reportedly "Mourning His Sweetheart," a reference not, certainly, to King Karl but to a Miss Belle Carter who had died (conveniently) a few months earlier. Claiming a female sweetheart (however dead) was intended, obviously, to answer innuendos about Woodcock's intimacy with King Karl. But this sweetheart-ploy assumed that a love-interest in one sex precluded a love-interest in the other, a new idea in the late-nineteenth century. The following year, Walt Whitman would try the same new ploy.
| + | Woodcock's mother, interviewed by the ''World'', revealed that her son was thirty-eight (born, then, in 1850), in New York City, where he had attended college.<ref>Woodcock's brief biography in his seminary's alumni bulletin relates that he was born in New York City on May 1, 1850; see ''Bangor Theological Seminary'' (1916), 110; and ''Historical Catalogue of Bangor Theological'' (1928), II, 26. I thank Clifton G. Davis, Librarian, Bangor Theological Seminary, for photocopies and emails.</ref> |
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| − | '''Bismarck’s Detectives'''
| + | On September 23, 2011, the only known photograph that is probably of Woodcock appears below, accessed from Wikipedia, which accessed it from an exhibit on German history. Queen Olga in the upholstered arm chair, left, two ladies-in-waiting, and a reader who is probably Charles Woodcock. Photograph taken in Nizza around 1885. No other photos of Woodcock are now available.<ref>Jonathan Ned Katz would appreciate it if anyone with leads to photos or other pictures of Charles Woodcock would contact him at jnk123@mac.com.</ref> |
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| − | Another set of private and published German documents sheds more light on Woodcock's intimacy with the King. This tale can be told from several different, sometimes opposed viewpoints, as we'll see.
| + | [[File:Queen Olga.jpeg|650px]] |
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| − | In 1887, a year before the scandal broke in the German and American press, Prime Minister Hermann Mittnacht, of Württemberg, complained privately about Woodcock to the Prussian ambassador: the King of Württemberg was completely in the hands of his American friend, with whom he spent hours daily, paying no attention to politics. Though Woodcock had no official position, the American was leader of the court, and Woodcock was the most powerful man in Württemberg.<ref>For this and for the following information, Katz is greatly indebted to James Steakley, who alerted me to the wonderful published research of Günter Dworek, "Ein Yankee am Hofe des Konigs Karl". I'm also very grateful to Hubert Kennedy for translating much of this article, and to Dworek for several email communications, and for many of photocopies of original German documents. Many letters of Mittnacht about Woodcock and the scandal are printed in Gammerdinger, ''Der Fall Woodcock.'' Dworek's research, and that of Manfred Herzer, indicates that there are many more documents about this scandal in German archives.</ref>
| + | An enlargement of the male figure, probably Woodcock, from the photo above. |
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| + | [[File:Woodcock.MAX.jpg|550px]] |
| − | The monarch's generosity to his favorite was boundless, said Mittnacht. The King had, for example, offered to buy Woodcock a home costing 200,000 marks, which the administrator of the royal fortune had refused to approve. The King had therefore asked Prime Minister Mittnacht to try to obtain the money for him, which Mittnacht had refused, to protect the King's fortune. Hearing of Mittnacht's refusal to follow kingly orders, none other than the first chancellor of the modern German Empire, Otto von Bismarck, approved Mittnacht's action, "given the King's curious frame of mind."<ref>Mitnacht's comment to the Prussian ambassador and Bismarck's comment are quoted from Philippi, ''Das Konigreich Wurttemberg im Spiegel der preusischen Gesandtscahftsberichte'', 83-84; for a translation Katz thanks Regina Smith. Philippi is cited by Dworek.</ref>
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| − | These German documents indicate that Woodcock's intimacy with King Karl was disturbing the courtier class of Württemberg, nobles who saw themselves robbed of their traditional, profitable intimacy with the monarch, and cheated of lucrative court positions. The naming of Woodcock to be Royal Councilor and his elevation to "Baron von Woodcock-Savage" in October 1888, brought the resentment of Württemberg's courtiers to a boil.<ref>Dworek, 6-7.</ref>
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| + | '''Hepworth''' |
| − | Prime Minister Mittnacht consulted his supporter, Bismarck, about the increasingly volatile situation, and in the summer and Fall of 1888 Bismarck ordered background checks on Woodcock's and Hendry's lives in North America. On June 25 and October 3, 1888, Count Arco, the German Ambassador in Washington, D.C., sent Bismarck the results of these private investigations.<ref>Count Arco's first report, dated Washington, D.C., June 25, 1888, is in the Politisches Archiv des Auswartigen Amts Abt. I A, Wurttemberg 37. Nr. 1 geh., Bd. 2 R 3396, Bonn. For Count Arco's second report see Graf Arco, "Aus einem Bericht des Kaiswerlichen Gesandten in Washington," October 3, 1888, in the Wurttembergishces Staatsarchiv, Stuttgart. For locating these documents, and for German transcriptions, Katz is much indebted to Manfred Herzer. For translations of both documents Katz thanks Eric Jarosinski. Arco's report of October 3, 1888 is quoted by Philippi, 84. The two reports are also mentioned in Georg H. Kleine, ''Der wurttembergische MinisterprasidentFrhr. Hermann von Mittnacht'' (1825-19019) (Stuttgart, 1969), 169.</ref>
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| | + | Returning from a first trip to Germany in 1873, Charles Woodcock had joined the Church of the Disciples, presided over by the Reverend Dr. George Hughes Hepworth, and "won the warm friendship" of the pastor. (''The World'' revealed that Hepworth was then associated with its rival, the ''Herald''. Hepworth was, in fact, that paper's "superintending editor" from March 1885 to the summer of 1892.)<ref>Ward, ''George H. Hepworth'', 231.</ref> |
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| − | The reports, undertaken in the interest of Wittenberg’s courtiers, presented Woodcock and Hendry in the worst light, as nothing but calculating, conniving, self-interested con-artists. Though the reports got a few names and details wrong, these private papers were also less euphemistic about sex than the public newspaper stories.
| + | [[Image:Hepworth1858.jpeg|left|frame|Hepworth, 1858]] [[Image:Hepworth1862.jpeg|frame|Hepworth, 1862]] |
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| − | Bismarck's detectives described Charles Woodcock as of "medium height, slim, weakly, with black hair and a beard." He "speaks wonderful German and French," is an "educated man with good manners," and "appears modest." Donald Hendry, his "friend and care-taker, stands in the background with an air of deference." He is "larger" and "strong-boned," and the two Americans lived and traveled together.
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| + | Woodcock had pursued religious studies, graduating in 1875 from the Congregational Theological Seminary in Bangor, Maine.<ref>Woodcock's 1875 graduation from the Bangor Theological Seminary is confirmed by that school's ''Historical Catalogue 1816-1916'', 110; by the ''Historical Catalogue of Bangor Theological Seminary'', 26, and by Woodcock's correspondence with the school, in its library.</ref> He had then preached at the Congregational Church in St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, and had been ordained pastor of that church, after being "vouched for" by the by Reverend Hepworth.<ref>Woodcock's ordination and his backing by the Reverend Hepworth are reported in ''The Daily Telegraph'' (St. John), May 5, 1876. A copy of that article was sent to Katz by Barbara Binotto of the Saint John Regional Library, December 12, 1997. Information about Woodcock and Donald Hendry in St. John also appears in "King and Courtiers," ''The Daily Sun'' (St. John), October 31, 1888; for a copy, Katz thanks the same library.</ref> |
| − | Though Woodcock "claims to have studied in Heidelberg and is supposed to have earlier maintained that he received his Ph.D. there," his name "is unknown to the administration of Heidelberg University.<ref>The University of Heidelberg confirms that its archives contain no reference to Charles Woodcock or Charles Woodcock Savage; I. A. Hunerlach, Heidelberg Archive, to J.N. Katz, January 23, 1998.</ref> Woodcock's "servants call him Doctor," but that title "is not used on his cards."
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| − | Woodcock had accused Jackson, "his predecessor in the favor of the King," of "having brought about certain inquiries in New York," to which Woodcock had taken "great offense," though the King "did not send Jackson away." Rumors of the detectives' American snooping had evidently reached Woodcock and Hendry in Germany, and they apparently blamed the inquiries on Jackson.<ref>The snooping of one of the detectives in St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, where Woodcock had been pastor, is reported in the local paper; see "A Detective on Their St. John Trail," in a story headed "King and Courtiers," ''The Daily Sun'' (St. John), October 31, 1888.</ref>
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| − | Woodcock had told King Karl of his "relation to a well-to-do English family," the detective continued. But Woodcock's father, Jonas G., had been in the meat business, and not even as an owner, but "as a clerk or salesman in the business of his brother," that is, as "his junior assistant." This "refutes ... Woodcock's claim that he comes from a well-to-do family." | + | Pastor Woodcock had resided in Saint John at the Victoria Hotel, said the ''World'', and soon became "a prominent society man," his evenings spent in "entertainments." It "is whispered among some of the older 'boys' of the town," added the paper, "that his parlors in the hotel were often the scene of very gay stag parties." A former bellboy recalled: "Champagne was the favorite beverage at these gay parties." Woodcock had also been "much abstracted" in 1878, due to debts and creditors, said the paper: "These, with occasional hints at his gay life, were gradually making trouble." |
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| − | Several New York city directories for the 1850s list Woodcock senior as a "butcher.<ref>The New York City directory for 1851 lists "Jonas Woodcock, butcher," and a "Charles Burger, carman" at the same address, 146 E. 25 St. (The house numbers are not the same as those in use today.) Jonas Woodcock's place of work is listed as "32 Fulton Market." He's not listed in 1852. In 1853, 1854, and 1856, he's listed at the same home address, and as a "butcher." By 1858, he resides at 168 E. 51 st. For this research on the Woodcock family Katz is indebted to the late Joel Honig.</ref> This seems the appropriate place to add that, striving, always, to transcend his bourgeois origins, Woodcock never used his given middle name, Burger.<ref>Woodcock's middle name is revealed by him in a letter dated January 7, 1916, in the correspondence files of the library, Bangor Theological Seminary. I thank Clifton G. Davis, Librarian, of the Seminary, for a copy.</ref>
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| − | Bismarck's investigators report that "Dr. George H. Heyworth" (Hepworth, actually) is "supposed to have taken an interest in Woodcock's studies for a long time and to have given him the means to afford his studies .., as he seems to have a special inclination to young men" -- an illicit inclination was definitely suggested.
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| − | "Woodcock was supposed to have been handsome," Bismarck's investigators reported, "and due to his pleasant nature, was widely popular during his time in Saint John," where he had had "close friendships with a large number of young people." | + | The term "gay" is first known to be used, unambiguously, in reference to "homosexual" men and women in the 1920s.<ref>For the sexual history of the word "gay" see Katz, "Up" and Lighter, I, 871. FILL IN CITES</ref> So the ''World's'' reference to "gay stag parties," "gay parties," and Woodcock's "gay life," probably suggests a loose living, profligate pastor, not, specifically, one sexually involved with men. |
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| − | In Saint John, Reverend Woodcock also had "a reputation for unreliability and repeatedly embarrassed his parish by missing mass without an excuse." His yearly salary of $2,000 "did not satisfy his needs," and "he borrowed wherever he could" and amassed numbers of debts. "To one person he owed $1,000, to another $5,000, and to others small amounts." Later, after one of Woodcock's parishioners and creditors had heard of his financial success in Wurttemberg, he had demanded and received repayment. Bismarck's investigators admitted that, by October 1888, Woodcock has paid off his Saint John debts. (These debts suggest, in part, why Woodcock had sought and appreciated King Karl's largesse.)
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| − | Woodcock had told his Saint John parishioners that he was leaving them to continue his theological studies in Heidelberg, but his father had told Bismarck's investigators that his son's object was travel--his "actual intention was to visit the holy lands before accepting a permanent position as a preacher." The discrepancy between Woodcock's stories lead Bismarck's investigators to conclude that the American "was never very exact about the truth with his relatives."
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| | + | '''Hendry''' (PHOTO OF ELDERLY HENDRY TO BE ADDED HERE) |
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| − | As the scandal continued in Germany, Prime Minister Mittnacht sought Bismarck's support on November 26, 1888.
| + | Spending his mornings at St. John's leading bookstore, added the ''World'', Woodcock was "sure to see all the good-looking society girls," and it was "here that he met Donald Hendry, his present companion." The pastor's looking for girls and finding Hendry was not presented as surprising or as opposed enterprises -- the paper presumed no exclusive love interest in one sex or another. |
| − | Bismarck reported to Wilhelm II, King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany, that Mittnacht had complained of "a sickness in the King of Wlirttemberg based on something sexual and unnatural, which was also present earlier in this house."<ref>Bismarck's comment is quoted by Dworek, 6, from Philippi, 179, which cites "Bericht Bismarcks an Wilhelm II, nach einem Gesprach mit Mittnacht in Friedrichsruh vom 26.11.1888 (Report of Bismarck to Wilhelm II, according to a conversation with Mittnacht in Friedrichsruh on 26 November 1888).</ref> Mittnacht referred to King Karl's grandfather, Friedreich I, King of Wlirttemberg (1797-1816), known to have had a sexual interest in men.<ref>For a popular source on Friedrich I, see Garde, 544-46.</ref>
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| − | Mittnacht's reference to King Karl inheriting a familial sexual "sickness" suggests that the Prime Minister may have been influenced by the first edition of psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing's ''Psychopathia Sexualis'', published in 1886, in Stuttgart. That influential book explained that an inborn "contrary sexual instinct" was passed on within families.<ref>Dworek, p. 21 n20, citing Richard v. Krafft-Ebing, ''Psychopathia sexualis, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der contraren Sexualempfindung'' (Stuttgart, 1888), p. 70.</ref> But Mittnacht's comments may also have simply reflected hereditarian ideas of the time, not, specifically, the new medical views of "pathological" sexuality.
| + | Hendry, a clerk in the bookstore, reportedly came from Eel River, York County, Canada ("a backwoods settlement"), had "adapted himself to city ways," and, while "Donald was not more wicked than the others, he always managed to be where the fun was best." A "popular fellow," the "good-looking, affable, agreeable" Hendry was "highly respected by the lady patrons of the book-store." Originally, a Baptist, "his friend Woodcock converted him to the Congregational faith."<ref>Additional information on Donald Hendry appears later in this article, and in ''The Daily Sun'' (Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada), October 31, 1888; copy sent to Katz by Barbara Binotto, Saint John Regional Library.</ref> |
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| − | '''Woodcock's Later Life'''
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| − | The brief, self-authored biography of Charles Woodcock, published in a history of the Bangor Theological Seminary, says that, after returning from Germany to the United States in 1890, he retained his baronial title as his last name, becoming "Charles Woodcock Savage."<ref>''Historical Catalogue 1816-1916'', p. 110.</ref> That biography does ''not'' say that Savage continued to live in New York City with Donald Hendry, and to summer together nearby. That is clear, however, from city directories and the biography of the Reverend George Hepworth, which reveals that, in the summer of 1891, Hepworth and his wife visited Long Beach, New Jersey, staying at the cottage of Charles Woodcock Savage and Donald Hendry.<ref>Ward, 234. The 1890 "Police Census" of New York City, taken probably in October (now in the Municipal Archives), lists Charles B. W. Savage, age 40, and Donald Hendry, age 35, as living at 22 E. 83 Street, probably a rooming house, since it's also inhabited by three women, each with different family names. The New York City directories for 1890 and 1891 list Savage as living at the same address. Katz is grateful to the late Joel Honig for this research. At the Woodcock-Hendry abode, Hepworth wrote a short story titled "John Morgan, Socialist and Lover," published in 1892 in the Chautauqua magazine (Ward, 234). Another Hepworth short story, "The Queerest Man Alive" [1897] is about a character whose drastic change in bodily shape alienates him from his fiance (Hepworth, The Queerest Man Alive and Other Stories). Hepworth's writings and life are ripe for close readings. His biography, numerous published sermons, newspaper columns, advice and travel books, and short stories and novels document his life as a prominent, popular preacher, and a prolific New York City journalist and newspaper editor. Jonathan Ned Katz's quick study of Hepworth's publications suggests this was no ordinary minister.</ref>
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| | + | In 1879, "the interest taken by Woodcock in the defaulting teller of the Park Bank in New York City who was in jail" reportedly caused some "trouble" in the pastor's congregation (the ''World'' does not, unfortunately, explain further). Woodcock had traveled to New York to attend to the teller, and on his return had "preached his farewell sermon." |
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| − | Woodcock's brief biography, written for his former Bangor Seminary, reported that he resided in New York City from 1890 to 1897, in Princeton, New Jersey, from 1897 to 1902, and in Allenhurst, New Jersey, from 1902 to 1923.<ref>''Historical Catalogue'' 1816-1916, 110.</ref>
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| | + | Invited by the Reverend Hepworth to make a Continental tour, Woodcock and Hendry, joined by a Mr. Arnold of the New York Bible Society, had set off for Europe. (Heyworth’s biography says that Mrs. Hepworth and several others composed a group of nine -- so, despite the newspaper, this was not a bachelor party.<ref>Ward, ''George H. Hepworth'', 191.</ref> Woodcock and Hendry finally ended up together in Stuttgart, where, about 1883, following Richard Jackson's example, they met and developed a profitable five-year intimacy with the King of Württemberg. |
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| − | That biography did not say that, on June 14, 1894, with Donald Hendry as best man, Charles B. Woodcock Savage, forty-four, married Henrietta Knebel Staples, forty-one, a widow wealthy enough to own a house on Central Park West and 84th Street, and to send two of her four sons to Princeton Preparatory School, later to Princeton University.<ref>New York City, marriage #7007, June 14, 1894, in Municipal Archives; researched by Joel Honig. Hendry is listed as a witness, as is a Mary B. L. de Jasowitz, and the minister is Junius B. Remensynder. The will of Henrietta Staples' first husband, Joseph Staples, Jr., is filed at the New York County Courthouse, Liber 477, page 219. It shows that he left most of his estate to his wife and in trust for his sons, but it doesn't reveal his full wealth; research by Joel Honig. Biographies of Harry Knebel Savage and Joseph Knebel Savage are in ''Twenty-fifth Year Record of the Class of 1902 Princeton University'', 160-61. I am grateful to Michael S. Montgomery, of the Princeton University Library, for photocopies.</ref>
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| − | On June 19, 1897, in New York state Supreme Court, the four sons of Henrietta Knebel Staples Savage (Joseph, Harry, Herbert, and Leslie Curtis) officially changed their last name to Savage. The youngest son, Leslie Curtis, also changed his first name to Charles, honoring his step-father.<ref>New York State Supreme Court archives, June 19, 1897, cited in ''Twenty-fifth Year Record of the Class of 1902 Princeton University'', 161.</ref>
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| − | In Princeton, around 1900, Mr. and Mrs. Woodcock Savage bought and substantially reconstructed one of the town's finest nineteenth century houses.<ref>A photograph of the Savage's house, now known as Springdale, 86 Mercer Street, built 1851-52, is in Constance M. Grieff, et al., ''Princeton Architecture: A Pictorial History of Town and Campus'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), photo 129, and in Robert W. Craig, ''The Report of the Princeton Architectural Survey'' (Princeton: September 1881). Drawings for the Savages' alterations, by the architect Alexander McMillan Welch, are in Columbia University, Avery Architectural Drawings Records.</ref>
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| − | '''Hendry's Later Life'''
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| − | After returning to America, Donald Hendry attended medical school from 1890 to 1892, where his supervisor was Charles Woodcock's doctor brother, Galen M.<ref>Donald Hendry's preceptors at the University of the City of New York (now New York University Medical Center) were Dr. Galen] M. Woodcock and Dr. F. S. Sellew; see University of the City of New York. Medical Department. ''Announcement of Lectures and Catalogue. Semi-Centennial. Session 1890-91'' (NY: 1890), 30, 37, archives, New York University Medical Center.</ref> Dropping out of medical school in 1892, Hendry joined the staff of the public library in Asbury Park, New Jersey, and at some point deleted three years from his age. In 1907, at the actual age of fifty-three, he enrolled at the Pratt Institute School of Library Science, from which he graduated in 1908. In 1910 he was employed on the staff of the Pratt Institute Free Library, in Brooklyn, New York, and for twenty-four years headed its Applied Science Reference Department, retiring in 1934, at the age of eighty.<ref>Hendry's obituary in the ''New York Times'', November 28, 1935, was probably written from information supplied by the Pratt Institute Free Library, Brooklyn, and thus probably comes from information supplied by Hendry. Another obituary of Hendry is in "The Library," Students' Bulletin. A late photograph of Hendry appears in the Pratt yearbook, The Prattonia, for 1933, dedicated to Hendry; for a copy I thank Margot Karp of the Pratt Institute Library.</ref>
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| − | '''A Lady in Waiting''' PICTURE OF BOOK
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| − | One last major document reveals the world according to Woodcock--and, probably, Hendry. In February 1906, "Charles Woodcock-Savage" published, with the respectable New York firm of D. Appleton, a novel titled A Lady in Waiting: Being Extracts from the Diary of Julie de Chesnil, Sometimes Lady in Waiting to Her Majesty, Queen Marie Antoinette.<ref>Charles Woodcock-Savage, ''A Lady in Waiting''. Katz consulted the copy at the New York Public Library Research Center. He thanks Michael S. Montgomery for informing him that a copy in the Clemson University library contains a brief note by an acquaintance of Woodcock-Savage, "RAE": "He was of an interesting personality of many undercurrents and a fine example of the aristocracy he portrays. I knew him well in my office, in his home and in my own apartment. It was there he dropped in to see me on his weekly visits ... to Upper Trinity Cemetery [sic] to place flowers on his mother's grave." Lackluster reviews of the novel appeared in ''The New York Times'', May 19, 1906, 322; ''The Critic'', July 1906, 94; and ''Outlook'', 82, March 24, 1906, 32Z. Woodcock-Savage's novel was republished in German as ''Die Hofdame der Konigin'' (1907).</ref>
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| − | The novel, written as the diary of Julie de Chesnil, a young aristocrat, detailed her adventures during and after the French Revolution of 1789. Julie was Woodcock's literary stand-in, and the fictional form allowed the author to comment indirectly on his own adventures in King Karl's court. This is a novel with a key.
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| − | PICTURE OF CHESNIL FROM FRONTISPIECE
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| − | Madame de Polignac, for example, who introduces Julie to the court of Marie Antoinette, warns the heroine about the intrigues of the "little nobility -- those creatures who owe their all to the present reign, and were created by it; for they are candidates ... for any gilded plum it is in the royal power to bestow; and if another receive it instead, they snarl and growl"--exactly Woodcock's experience of Wtirttemberg's courtiers.
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| − | De Polignac adds, "When I refused all official connection with the Court, it was, in their eyes, that I might be better able to concoct all kinds of plans in secret. As soon as I accepted a position at Court ... l was accused of interfering with affairs of State....<ref>Woodcock-Savage, pp. 132-33.</ref>
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| | + | '''Scandal in Württemberg''' |
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| − | Woodcock's feeling for King Karl is represented in the novel by Julie de Chesnil's for Marie Antoinette: After Julie meets the Queen for first time and is warmly welcomed, she imagines the very trees congratulating her: "'for thou art youthful, and hast seen the Queen and gained her confidence....<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 140.</ref> Says Julie of the Queen: "The more I see of her, the greater becomes my admiration for her noble character."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 152.</ref> Woodcock's novel is dedicated to "To the Memory of a Noble Soul I Knew and Loved and Mourn" -- King Karl, who had died in 1891.
| + | "His Majesty's Darlings Beat a Sudden ... Retreat," the ''Herald'' reported of Woodcock and Hendry on November 5, 1888.<ref>"Exeunt Woodcock & Co.," ''New York Herald'', November 5, 1888, 7: 3.</ref> The King "has dismissed Woodcock" from his court, added the paper five days later.<ref>"Woodcock Sent Flying," ''New York Herald'', November 10, 1888, 5:3.</ref> King Karl was quoted in the ''World'' of November 18: "At the command of my people I have sacrificed the noblest friend a monarch ever had."<ref>"Baron Woodcock Resigns," ''New York World'', November 18, 1888, 1:3. Woodcock announced his withdrawal from Württemberg in a letter quoted in the same paper.</ref> |
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| − | "Love" and "admiration" are the major terms signifying Julie's feeling for her Queen, and, by extension, Woodcock's for King Karl. Sexual desire and acts are alluded to in Woodcock's novel, but only to be denied.
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| − | An angry revolutionary deputy refers to rumors of the French Queen's "wildest; orgies with foreigners." Julie assures him, however, that he has "been led into error by listening to stories, the product of the wildest fancy.., disseminated by those who were the Queen's enemies ... [who] in this way sought to injure her."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 168.</ref> Here, a chaste Queen substitutes for Woodcock's idealized, "noble" King. Reference is also made to stories about the Queen "of the vilest character -- stories which only a devilish ingenuity could invent, and the tongue of malice repeat....<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 176.</ref>
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| − | A specifically a lesbian eros appears briefly in the novel when Julie de Chesnil, disguised as a young man to escape execution by French revolutionaries, is embraced "with great ardor" by a girl who exclaims, "'I love thee! I love thee! '" Julie's only response is puritanical: "God forgive me for inspiring such a passion, even though unwillingly."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 244.</ref>
| + | On November 30, the ''New York Herald'' came to Woodcock's defense, quoting "two private letters" written by Donald Hendry "to friends in America" (probably the Reverend Hepworth, the ''Herald's'' editor).<ref>"For The Defense," ''New York Herald,'' November 30, 1888, 5:4.</ref> |
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| − | But at this novel's formulaic happy end, after escaping the terrors of the French revolution, and while recounting her adventures to none other than Emperor Napoleon and Empress Josephine, Julie admits: "I am too fond of theatrical effects not to have used the material at my command in such a way as to make the greatest possible impression upon their Majesties, while reserving all detail of a private nature as too sacred for other ears....<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 319.</ref> Woodcocock' s mouthpiece ends with the coy admission that she's not telling everything -- certainly not the most "private," "sacred" details--thereby reinstating sex-love as that which can't be named in this autobiographical fiction.
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| + | Denying the "slanders" of the German "sensational press," Hendry blamed the scandal on the "jealousy and hatred" of those in Germany "who did not understand the relationship" of King Karl and "Mr. Woodcock-Savage." |
| − | After Julie escapes France on an American ship, she arrives in New York City, and reports that "A highly embellished account of my sad history appeared in their daily papers shortly after my arrival, and I certainly cannot complain of neglect since then"--ironic comment on the press coverage of Woodcock's exploits.<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 257. The novel hints at greater American press coverage than has so far been discovered.</ref>
| + | Denying that the King had gone "into debt" supporting Woodcock, Hendry maintained: "His Majesty has a capital of several millions and a large income from the Crown estates" -- he was certainly well informed about the royal finances. Woodcock had a contract with the king specifying "the amount of damages to be paid him in case he should leave," Hendry stressed, and: "Of course we have the contract ... and a mass of documents should it ever be necessary to use them" -- a threat to expose materials compromising to the King. |
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| − | In America, Julie dines with Mrs. John Jay, and Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, and meets a Reverend Doctor John Rogers who very probably satirizes the Reverend Doctor George Hepworth (who had passed heavenward in 1902).<ref>Ward, p. 270.</ref>
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| | + | Hendry presented Woodcock's relationship with the King as hard work: the American "had to be always interesting and entertaining. He had to use all his extra time in reading and finding out what was going on in the world." (Do we note here the complaint of a neglected lover?) Woodcock, said Hendry, "was doing the work of three men." |
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| − | Reverend Rogers is "considered a social leader" because his name is "never absent from any dinner list." For "a stranger to be taken in by him means having the entree everywhere." Rogers' manners are so "stiff and formal" it's said that "he and his wife 'always salute each other with a formal bow and curtsy before retiring for the night'"--a sly comment, perhaps, on Hepworth's lack of enthusiasm for marital copulation. Asked if anyone equals Dr. Rogers in "majestic dignity," the narrator thinks: "I had seen a dignity which was a pretty good imitation of it on the stage."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, pp. 262-63.</ref> Reverend Hepworth had taken acting lessons in preparation for the popular pulpit.<ref>Ward, pp. 22-23.</ref>
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| | + | '''Return to New York''' |
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| − | The book's satire also extends to the land of the free. Julie is invited to a New York dinner party catered by many servants, "which is rare here as the democratic spirit of the people is strongly against servitude .., which is all the stranger because a large number of the people of this New Republic are held in perpetual bondage. But then ... this is a country of strange paradoxes!"<ref>Woodcock-Savage, pp. 266-68.</ref>
| + | "Freihier von Savage," "Baron Woodcock," the former "favorite" of the King of Württemberg, had returned to New York City, and was living at his parents," the ''Herald'' reported eight months later, on July 13, 1889.<ref>"Wurttemberg's Favorite Comes To New York," ''New York Herald'', July 13, 1889, 6: 6.</ref> The returnee was reportedly "Mourning His Sweetheart," a reference not, certainly, to King Karl but to a Miss Belle Carter who had died (conveniently) a few months earlier. Claiming a female sweetheart (however dead) was intended, obviously, to answer innuendos about Woodcock's intimacy with King Karl. But this sweetheart-ploy assumed that a love-interest in one sex precluded a love-interest in the other, a new idea in the late-nineteenth century. The following year, Walt Whitman would try the same new ploy. |
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| + | <div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;"> |
| − | At the novel's end, Julie is visiting George and Martha Washington, at Mount Vernon, meets her long lost fiancé, and is married in Alexandria, Virginia, with President Washington giving away the bride.<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 297.</ref>
| + | Continued at [[Americans in Württemberg Scandal, 1888/Part 3]] |
| − | | + | </div> |
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| − | '''Authorship'''
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| − | Woodcock's ''Lady in Waiting'' contains repeated, self-reflective comments on the "diary" that supposedly comprises it, and, by extension, Woodcock's memoirs. The novel is introduced by "a heartless old bachelor," who presents the diary to the public, relating "all the struggles I passed through before I could make up my mind to let that voice of the past, which had spoken to us so sweetly and thrillingly in the night, speak to the public ear." That "us" refers to the bachelor narrator and his intimate male friend, suggesting that Woodcock and Hendry worried together over the advisability of publishing this roman a clef.
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| − | The device of the bachelor narrator (a stand-in for Hendry) and his friend, Paul du Laurier, a married artist and "the happy father of four promising boys" (Woodcock), also strongly suggests that Hendry was the actual, or, at least, co-author of this novel.
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| − | The narrator's friend, Du Laurier, is said to have found Julie de Chesnil's diary locked in a "secret drawer" in a "Louis Seize cabinet" bought at auction. The narrator admits that he is "not so heartless that my eye will not moisten, and a sigh escape me, every time I take from their hiding place those yellow leaves which Du Laurier gave me just before he married."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 6.</ref> Just before Woodcock married, did he give Hendry his diary of their Wurttemberg adventures? If so, did Hendry hide that diary in the secret drawer of a cabinet in his possession?
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| − | Julie, the novel's heroine, also muses on the revivifying effect of reading one's old diary long after writing it: "By turning over these pages I can live my life over again," and, she adds, "they may prove of interest to those who come after me."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 166.</ref> Julie correctly anticipates our interest.
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| − | '''History'''
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| − | Finally, as "a young lady who lived in one of the most interesting periods of French history," Julie has her eyes opened to the problem of conflicting standpoints on the past. She realizes "how falsely human history may be written; not necessarily, as I had supposed till now, because of distortion of facts; but because, even in the case of an eyewitness who tells the truth, it is, after all, only the truth as he sees it."<ref>Woodcock-Savage, p. 6, 103.</ref> Comparing the views of French revolutionaries with her own aristocratic outlook, Julie (and Woodcock, and, probably Hendry) understands that one's class position profoundly colors one's take on history.
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| − | Through Julie, Woodcock presented his relationship with King Charles as affectionate and asexual--but ended by hinting that he had left out some juicy details. In contrast, Bismarck's private investigation of Woodcock strongly hinted at sex, and pointed to the ruler's exploitation, the American's self-aggrandizement and misrepresentation.
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| − | '''Last Resting Place'''
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| − | Charles Woodcock Savage died suddenly in New York City on June 26, 1923, at the age of seventy-three."<ref>A brief death notice of "Charles B. Woodcock Savage" is in The New York Times, June 28, 1923, p. 15; Woodcock's death certificate is #17676 1923, New York City Municipal Archives; Katz thanks Joel Honig for this information. </ref> He was buried in his wife's family plot in Trinity Cemetery, on Riverside Drive and West 153rd Street, where his grave may be visited.<ref>The Woodcock Savage and Hendry graves are in Plot No. 185 Westerly Division; Gail Pezzuto, Manager, Client Account Services, Trinity Church, Cemetery/Mausoleum Department, to Joel Honig, January 27, 1998, including photocopies of information cards on the Knebel, Woodcock, and Savage families, and Donald Hendry. Katz is indebted to Honig for this wonderful information. Dates on the information card differ sometimes with dates on the tombstones.</ref> Earlier, thanks to his marriage, he had provided a last resting place in the same plot for his mother and father. His wife, Henrietta, died on March 3, 1934, and was buried next to her husband.
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| − | Before Henrietta Savage's death, Donald Hendry made his will on March 23, 1932, using as his lawyer, Henrietta's son (Charles Woodcock's adopted son), Joseph K. Savage. Hendry had remained friends with the family.
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| − | Hendry's 1932 will directed that his ashes be interred "in the family burial plot at Benton," New Brunswick, Canada, "where my father and mother are buried." But, in 1934, after Henrietta Savage's death, Hendry changed his will, adding a codicil. He then asked that "my body be cremated and my ashes buried next to the body of my friend Charles B. Woodcock Savage."<ref>For Hendry's will of March 23, 1932, and his codicil of July 2, 1934, see Estate 131, 1936, Kings County, New York, Municipal Archives. Katz is indebted to Joel Honig for discovering this important document, and providing a photocopy. Hendry's two sisters, Lilly and Susan, lived in Woodstock, New Brunswick, Canada.</ref>
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| − | When Hendry died on November 26, 1935, at the age of eighty-one, his ''New York Times'' obituary (following, probably, a resume he had prepared for an employer) said that he had spent "eleven years in Europe as a private secretary"--his way of publicly naming his years with Woodcock. Today, Hendry's gravestone in Trinity Cemetery, lies between and just above those of Charles Woodcock Savage and his wife.
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| − | Hendry's probated will shows that he bequeathed to one sister a five-piece, German, silver tea set (a Wuirttemberg relic?), to another sister a "carved cabinet (poor condition)." Did this cabinet by any chance contain a "secret drawer" holding some yellowed papers? Hendry's other possessions included a "Gold Snake ring - with turquoise," a "Gold watch chain -broken," a "Gold stick pin - with small pearl and diamond," a "Wall thermometer," a "Small Philco Radio," an "Upholstered leather arm chair -(worn)," a "Lot of miscellaneous plain pictures and portraits" (including, no doubt, a now rare photo of Woodcock), another "Lot of miscellaneous books and pamphlets," and a "canvas - (old and worn)." For tax purposes, his estate was estimated as worth $1,929.51 (about $22,000 today).
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| | + | ==References== |
| | + | <references/> |
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| − | A memorial to Hendry in the Pratt Institute ''Students' Bulletin'' reports that, in 1914, he had represented the American Library Association at a book exhibition in Leipzig: "When war was declared his knowledge of the language and the people proved indispensable in rescuing Americans stranded in Germany." Hendry had "often asserted that his work was his sole interest, and, as he never married, the Library took the place of home and family to him." Hendry had died in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, where he had "lived with friends" after retiring from the library in June 1934.<ref>"The Library," Students' Bulletin.</ref>
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| − | | + | {{Protected}} |
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| − | '''Jackson's Later Life'''
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| − | The later history of Richard M. Jackson, the American who preceded Woodcock in the King Karl's affection, provides a final, unexpected twist to this story of two Yankees and one Canadian at King Karl's court.<ref>For this part of Jackson's life see Dworek, pp. 13-14.</ref> Jackson survived Woodcock's and Hendry 1888 exile, completely untouched by scandal. Even after the death of King Karl, in 1891, Jackson maintained his position in Stuttgart society.
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| − | But between 1890 and 1892, a house servant, Karl Mann, who had worked for Jackson in the 1880s, extorted 1075 marks from his former employer, threatening to denounce him to the police for engaging him in illicit sexual acts.<ref. Karl Mann had worked for Jackson from 1881 to 1884.</ref> Taking a most unusual and courageous step, Jackson finally lodged a blackmail complaint against Mann in 1893.
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| − | In the legal action that followed, Karl Mann countercharged that Jackson had "used his servant not merely for the allowed servant's duties .. , but had also used his person for the practice of ongoing indecent acts." The thirty-six-year old Mann was found guilty of blackmail and sentenced to six months in prison--the judge explaining that the "intimate relationship" of servant and master had tempted Mann to perform the sexual acts admitted by him. Supposedly, his subservient class position, not his desire, explained Mann's acts.
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| − | In 1893, this legal case provided ammunition with which the newspapers of the German Social Democratic party attacked the immoral behavior of the upper classes. One of those papers, recalling the King's "generous gifts to Jackson," remarked sarcastically that the American "must have been of quite extraordinary service to the person of the deceased king"--sexual service was suggested.<ref>Dworek, p. 14, quoting the S''wabische Tagwacht'', of February 18, 1893.</ref> Jackson, the paper continued, had "for long years practiced an abominable vice, the crime against nature."
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| − | The Social Democratic paper added that this "vice of pederasty has grown in the finer circles of Stuttgart to an extraordinary extent." Recent rumor had it that "a number of persons" now "draw their entire income from this vice," and can "therefore be considered . . . 'male prostitutes.'"<ref>Dworek, p. 14.</ref> The quote marks suggest that in 1893 "'male prostitutes'" -- meaning, specifically, men who sold their sexual services to men -- were still new to German newspaper readers, as they probably were to that day's Americans.
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| − | The threat of Jackson’s own prosecution, and the public scandal surrounding Karl Mann’s trial, was too much for the American who had brought the blackmail charges. During Mann's trial, Richard Mason Jackson left Stuttgart for the United States. Returning, briefly, to Steubenville, Ohio, he apparently ended his days with a sister elsewhere in the state, resuming "the part of a plain citizen of the United states of America. "<ref>Sinclair, ''Pioneer Days'', 132-33. Katz's efforts to locate Jackson's death certificate in Ohio were unsuccessful.</ref> The "Buckeye boy" did go home again.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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By Jonathan Ned Katz. Copyright (c) by Jonathan Ned Katz.
(In this, Part 2, the footnote numbering begins again with 1.)
Woodcock
The New York World scooped its rival, the Herald, on November 1, with a detailed account of Charles Woodcock's history, stressing his worldly rise from humble butcher's son to king's favorite.[1] The rags to riches story was getting a workout.
Woodcock's mother, interviewed by the World, revealed that her son was thirty-eight (born, then, in 1850), in New York City, where he had attended college.[2]
On September 23, 2011, the only known photograph that is probably of Woodcock appears below, accessed from Wikipedia, which accessed it from an exhibit on German history. Queen Olga in the upholstered arm chair, left, two ladies-in-waiting, and a reader who is probably Charles Woodcock. Photograph taken in Nizza around 1885. No other photos of Woodcock are now available.[3]
An enlargement of the male figure, probably Woodcock, from the photo above.
Hepworth
Returning from a first trip to Germany in 1873, Charles Woodcock had joined the Church of the Disciples, presided over by the Reverend Dr. George Hughes Hepworth, and "won the warm friendship" of the pastor. (The World revealed that Hepworth was then associated with its rival, the Herald. Hepworth was, in fact, that paper's "superintending editor" from March 1885 to the summer of 1892.)[4]
Hepworth, 1858
Hepworth, 1862
Woodcock had pursued religious studies, graduating in 1875 from the Congregational Theological Seminary in Bangor, Maine.[5] He had then preached at the Congregational Church in St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, and had been ordained pastor of that church, after being "vouched for" by the by Reverend Hepworth.[6]
Pastor Woodcock had resided in Saint John at the Victoria Hotel, said the World, and soon became "a prominent society man," his evenings spent in "entertainments." It "is whispered among some of the older 'boys' of the town," added the paper, "that his parlors in the hotel were often the scene of very gay stag parties." A former bellboy recalled: "Champagne was the favorite beverage at these gay parties." Woodcock had also been "much abstracted" in 1878, due to debts and creditors, said the paper: "These, with occasional hints at his gay life, were gradually making trouble."
The term "gay" is first known to be used, unambiguously, in reference to "homosexual" men and women in the 1920s.[7] So the World's reference to "gay stag parties," "gay parties," and Woodcock's "gay life," probably suggests a loose living, profligate pastor, not, specifically, one sexually involved with men.
Hendry (PHOTO OF ELDERLY HENDRY TO BE ADDED HERE)
Spending his mornings at St. John's leading bookstore, added the World, Woodcock was "sure to see all the good-looking society girls," and it was "here that he met Donald Hendry, his present companion." The pastor's looking for girls and finding Hendry was not presented as surprising or as opposed enterprises -- the paper presumed no exclusive love interest in one sex or another.
Hendry, a clerk in the bookstore, reportedly came from Eel River, York County, Canada ("a backwoods settlement"), had "adapted himself to city ways," and, while "Donald was not more wicked than the others, he always managed to be where the fun was best." A "popular fellow," the "good-looking, affable, agreeable" Hendry was "highly respected by the lady patrons of the book-store." Originally, a Baptist, "his friend Woodcock converted him to the Congregational faith."[8]
In 1879, "the interest taken by Woodcock in the defaulting teller of the Park Bank in New York City who was in jail" reportedly caused some "trouble" in the pastor's congregation (the World does not, unfortunately, explain further). Woodcock had traveled to New York to attend to the teller, and on his return had "preached his farewell sermon."
Invited by the Reverend Hepworth to make a Continental tour, Woodcock and Hendry, joined by a Mr. Arnold of the New York Bible Society, had set off for Europe. (Heyworth’s biography says that Mrs. Hepworth and several others composed a group of nine -- so, despite the newspaper, this was not a bachelor party.[9] Woodcock and Hendry finally ended up together in Stuttgart, where, about 1883, following Richard Jackson's example, they met and developed a profitable five-year intimacy with the King of Württemberg.
Scandal in Württemberg
"His Majesty's Darlings Beat a Sudden ... Retreat," the Herald reported of Woodcock and Hendry on November 5, 1888.[10] The King "has dismissed Woodcock" from his court, added the paper five days later.[11] King Karl was quoted in the World of November 18: "At the command of my people I have sacrificed the noblest friend a monarch ever had."[12]
On November 30, the New York Herald came to Woodcock's defense, quoting "two private letters" written by Donald Hendry "to friends in America" (probably the Reverend Hepworth, the Herald's editor).[13]
Denying the "slanders" of the German "sensational press," Hendry blamed the scandal on the "jealousy and hatred" of those in Germany "who did not understand the relationship" of King Karl and "Mr. Woodcock-Savage."
Denying that the King had gone "into debt" supporting Woodcock, Hendry maintained: "His Majesty has a capital of several millions and a large income from the Crown estates" -- he was certainly well informed about the royal finances. Woodcock had a contract with the king specifying "the amount of damages to be paid him in case he should leave," Hendry stressed, and: "Of course we have the contract ... and a mass of documents should it ever be necessary to use them" -- a threat to expose materials compromising to the King.
Hendry presented Woodcock's relationship with the King as hard work: the American "had to be always interesting and entertaining. He had to use all his extra time in reading and finding out what was going on in the world." (Do we note here the complaint of a neglected lover?) Woodcock, said Hendry, "was doing the work of three men."
Return to New York
"Freihier von Savage," "Baron Woodcock," the former "favorite" of the King of Württemberg, had returned to New York City, and was living at his parents," the Herald reported eight months later, on July 13, 1889.[14] The returnee was reportedly "Mourning His Sweetheart," a reference not, certainly, to King Karl but to a Miss Belle Carter who had died (conveniently) a few months earlier. Claiming a female sweetheart (however dead) was intended, obviously, to answer innuendos about Woodcock's intimacy with King Karl. But this sweetheart-ploy assumed that a love-interest in one sex precluded a love-interest in the other, a new idea in the late-nineteenth century. The following year, Walt Whitman would try the same new ploy.
References
- ↑ "The King's Two Favorites," The World, November 1, 1888. 16. On Woodcock, also see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Woodcock#External_links
- ↑ Woodcock's brief biography in his seminary's alumni bulletin relates that he was born in New York City on May 1, 1850; see Bangor Theological Seminary (1916), 110; and Historical Catalogue of Bangor Theological (1928), II, 26. I thank Clifton G. Davis, Librarian, Bangor Theological Seminary, for photocopies and emails.
- ↑ Jonathan Ned Katz would appreciate it if anyone with leads to photos or other pictures of Charles Woodcock would contact him at jnk123@mac.com.
- ↑ Ward, George H. Hepworth, 231.
- ↑ Woodcock's 1875 graduation from the Bangor Theological Seminary is confirmed by that school's Historical Catalogue 1816-1916, 110; by the Historical Catalogue of Bangor Theological Seminary, 26, and by Woodcock's correspondence with the school, in its library.
- ↑ Woodcock's ordination and his backing by the Reverend Hepworth are reported in The Daily Telegraph (St. John), May 5, 1876. A copy of that article was sent to Katz by Barbara Binotto of the Saint John Regional Library, December 12, 1997. Information about Woodcock and Donald Hendry in St. John also appears in "King and Courtiers," The Daily Sun (St. John), October 31, 1888; for a copy, Katz thanks the same library.
- ↑ For the sexual history of the word "gay" see Katz, "Up" and Lighter, I, 871. FILL IN CITES
- ↑ Additional information on Donald Hendry appears later in this article, and in The Daily Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada), October 31, 1888; copy sent to Katz by Barbara Binotto, Saint John Regional Library.
- ↑ Ward, George H. Hepworth, 191.
- ↑ "Exeunt Woodcock & Co.," New York Herald, November 5, 1888, 7: 3.
- ↑ "Woodcock Sent Flying," New York Herald, November 10, 1888, 5:3.
- ↑ "Baron Woodcock Resigns," New York World, November 18, 1888, 1:3. Woodcock announced his withdrawal from Württemberg in a letter quoted in the same paper.
- ↑ "For The Defense," New York Herald, November 30, 1888, 5:4.
- ↑ "Wurttemberg's Favorite Comes To New York," New York Herald, July 13, 1889, 6: 6.
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