The Kinsey Institute
The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction is one of the oldest research institutes in the United States concerned primarily with the exploration of sexual behavior. The brainchild of Alfred Kinsey, the Institute was founded in 1947 and has been attracting attention from sources ever since, ranging from the Catholic Church’s condemnation to Hollywood’s production of a major motion picture.
Research conducted by biologist Alfred Kinsey at Indiana University in the 1940s and 1950s fundamentally altered the way modern Western societies think about sexuality. Most famously, Kinsey’s research suggested that everyone’s sexuality existed fluidly across a range or spectrum—and that behavior, not subjective identity, was the crucial criterion to study. Kinsey felt there was no such thing as a homosexual or a heterosexual “type” of person, only men and women who engaged, over the course of their lives and to varying degrees, in same-sex or opposite-sex behavior.
Kinsey became a vital part of the mid-twentieth-century sexual revolution, and helped set the stage for the gay liberation movement, by revealing how common homosexual behaviors are. According to his research, nearly 40 percent of men and a little less than 15 percent of women have had at least one homosexual experience in their lives. In changing the way the world thought about homosexuality and other aspects of human sexual diversity, Kinsey left an indeliable imprint on the city where he conducted his research. He contributed an important element to Bloomington’s reputation as a place where difference could be treated with respect.
Kinsey Scale
Kinsey developed an eight-point scale for assigning a numerical value to the frequency of homosexual to heterosexual behavior, with 0 representing exclusive life-long heterosexuality and 6 representing exclusive life-long homosexuality. A 3 on the Kinsey scale signified a perfectly bisexual balance between homosexual and heterosexual experiences. A 1 meant primarily heterosexual with only incidental homosexual experiences, while a 2 meant primarily heterosexual with more-than-casual homosexual experience. Likewise, 4 and 5 respectively meant a preponderantly homosexual disposition with significant heterosexual experience, and a preponderance of homosexual disposition with only incidental heterosexual experience. A final category, X, signified asexuality, or no sexual experience. Kinsey himself scored between 2 and 4 on his own scale, and experimented with BDSM and group sex. He maintained a committed and loving open marriage with his wife Clara, until they were parted by death after 35 years together.
The History of the Kinsey Institute
Before the Institute
Alfred Kinsey graduated from Bowdoin College with B.S. degrees in biology and psychology. In 1919 he received a Sc.D. in biology from Harvard University, and joined Indiana University’s biology department in 1920, as an assistant professor of zoology. Kinsey was a popular instructor who earned the nickname “Dr. Sex” after the university asked him to teach a course on human sexuality for students who were married or considering marriage. Kinsey, whose academic specialty was gall wasps, quickly discovered that empirical research into actual human sexual activity was exceedingly rare. To remedy this lack of data, Kinsey began interviewing students about their sexual habits in the hopes of compiling information on this under-researched topic. He soon started interviewing a broader range of people across the United States. In 1940, human sex research became his primary project, and in 1947, the National Research Council began funding Kinsey’s collection and analysis of sex histories. That same year, Kinsey established the Indiana University Institute for Sex Research.
Kinsey’s Research
Through funding for the Institute, Kinsey began compiling the information he subsequently published in two major books, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1947) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). By the time the research project ended in 1963, after Kinsey’s death, he and his research team had interviewed more than 18,000 people—the largest empirical study of sex practices ever undertaken. Kinsey’s major finding was a tremendous gap between what people said publicly about sex and what they actually did in private. At the time Kinsey published his volume on male sexuality, it was extremely rare to talk about candidly about sexual practices, and unheard of to publically discuss many of the particular practices—ranging from bestiality to masturbation to fetish clothing to homosexuality—whose surprisingly common occurrences he documented.
Controversy
Kinsey sought to provide scientifically accurate information about human sexual behavior despite the conflict between his data and conventional sexual morality. As a result, his research drew condemnation as well as praise. Clerics and clergymen denounced Kinsey’s findings as “shocking,” “disgusting,” and “distorted,” while scientists called them “necessary,” “enlightening” and “revealing.” (Gilbert 1953). In 1954, after publication of the volume on female sexuality, a conservative member of the U.S. House of Representatives, B. Carroll Reece of Tennessee, formed a special investigative committee the examine Kinsey’s financial backers, which included the Rockefeller Foundation and other prominent philanthropies. Under immense political pressure from the McCarthyite right, many of Kinsey’s former funders withdrew their financial support. Postal inspectors began investigating criminal charges against Kinsey for receiving pornographic materials—that is, research items sent to him by sexuality scholars and scientists from around the world, which now form the core of the Kinsey Institute’s unparalleled archival collection documenting the history of sexuality. Indiana University president Herman B Wells stepped into the breach and put his considerable reputation on the line to gain the support of the Trustees, call off the postal inspectors, and solicit the financial support of Indiana-based pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly & Co. Kinsey died in 1956, at the age of 62, shortly after the controversy was resolved. He had a weak heart due to a serious childhood illness, but the stress of the conservative witch-hunt against him undoubtedly contributed to his relatively early demise.
Bibliography
Capshaw, James H. “Alma Pater: Herman B Wells and the Rise of Indiana University.” Indiana University. http://www.indiana.edu/~libarch/Wells/wellsbio.html.
“Facts about Kinsey, the film.” The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Inc. http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/Movie-facts.html
Gilbert, Justin. “Clerics, Educators Comment on Report.” Mirror, (New York, N.Y.) Aug 20, 1953.
Kinsey, Alfred C., Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1948.
Kinsey. DVD. Directed by Bill Condon. 2004. Century City, CA: Fox Searchlight Pictures, 2004.
“Origin of the Institute.” The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Inc. http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/origins.html.
“Photo History.” The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Inc. http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/photo-tour.html.
Reisman, Judith. “Kinsey and the Homosexual Revolution.” Leadership U. 13 July 2002. http://www.leaderu.com/jhs/reisman.html.
“Response to Controversy.” The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Inc. http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/controversy.html.
Schmalz,Valerie. “Alfred Kinsey: Father of Sexual Revolution.” Ignatius Insight. http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features/vschmalz_kinsey_nov04.asp.
