Bibliography: Treatment of LGBT People by Doctors and Psychologists

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Banay, Ralph S., and Davidoff, L. "Apparent Recovery of a Sex Psychopath after Lobotomy," Journal of Criminal Psychopathology. Vol. 4, no. 1 (July 1942): p. 59-66.


Barlow, David H.; Leitenberg, Harold; and Agras, W. Stewart. "Experimental Control of Sexual Deviations through Manipulation of the Noxious Scene in Covert Sensitization," Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. 74, no. 5 (1969): p. 596-601. (P. 598, 601.)


Blair, Ralph. Etiological and Treatment Literature on Homosexuality. Otherwise Monograph Ser., no. 5. National Task Force on Student Personnel Services and Homosexuality, 1972.


Bowman, Karl M. "Sexual Deviation Research." Report to California Assembly, Judiciary Subcommittee on Sex Research, Sacramento, Calif., March 1952, p. 80.


Bowman, Karl M., and Engle, Bernice. "The Problem of Homosexuality," Journal of Social Hygiene. Vol. 39, no. I (1953): p. 2-16. (P. 10-11.)


Brill, A. A. "The Conception of Homosexuality," Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 61 (Aug. 2, 1913): p. 335-40.


Buck, W. D. "A Raid on the Uterus," New York Medical Journal, vol. 5 (August 1866), p. 464.

In an extract from an address in 1866 by Dr. W. D. Buck, President of the New Hampshire State Medical Society, the doctor says: "A distinguished surgeon in New York city, twenty-five years ago [1841], said, when [Guillaume] Dupuytren's operation for relaxation of the sphincter ani was in vogue, every young man who came from Paris found every other individual's anus too large, and proceeded to pucker it up. The result was that New York anuses looked like gimlet-holes in a piece of pork." Buck goes on to say that the uterus, also, is being subjected to "surgical operations, and is now-a-days subject to all sorts of barbarity from surgeons anxious for notoriety." His statement, which bears further analysis, seems aimed at primitive abortion and birth control measures. A brief biography of Dupuytren is in John Talbott, A Biographical History of Medicine (N.Y.: Grune & Stratton, 1970), p. 342-44. Jonathan Ned Katz thanks Stephen W. Foster and Dennis Lampkowski for help with this research.


Caprio, Frank S. Female Homosexuality; A Psychodynamic Study of Lesbianism. Foreword by Karl M. Bowman. N.Y.: Grove Press, Evergreen Black Cat, 1962. (P. 299-301, 304.)


Cautela, Joseph R. "Covert Sensitization," Psychological Reports. Vol. 20, no. 2 (1967): p. 459-68. (P. 464-65·)


Chideckel, Maurice. Female Sex Perversion. N.Y.: Eugenics Pub. Co., 1938.


Daniel, F. E. "Castration of Sexual Perverts," Texas Medical Journal (Austin), Aug. 1893: 255-71. Reprinted in Texas Medical Journal. Vol. 27, no. 10 (April 1912): p. 369-85· (P. 371-72,376-81.) Additional reprints, see footnote.


Deutsch, Helene. "On Female Homosexuality," authorized trans. Edith B. Jackson, Psychoanalytic Quarterly. Vol. I (Oct. 1932): p. 484-510. (P. 484-88, 490--91.). A second trans.: "Homosexuality in Women," International Journal of Psychoanalysis. Vol. 14 (1933): p. 34-56.


Deutsch, Nicholas. Interviewed by Jonathan Katz. N.Y.C., Oct. 17, 1974.


Ellis, Havelock. "A Note on the Treatment of Sexual Inversion," Alienist and Neurologist. Vol. 17 (July 1896): p. 257-64. (P. 258-59.)


---. "Sexual Inversion in Women," Alienist and Neurologist. Vol. 16, no. 2 (April 1895): 141-58. (P. 158.)


---, and Symonds, John Addington. Sexual Inversion. 1st English ed. London: Wilson and Macmillan, 1897; photo reprint, N.¥.: Arno, 1975· (P. 73.)


---, and Talbot, E. S. See Talbot and Ellis.


Freud, Sigmund. "The Psychogenesis of a Case of Female Homosexuality," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. Vol. I, no. 2 (1920): p. 125-49. (P. 125-27, 129-30, 131, 133, 134,135,136,141-42,144,148-49.)


Friedlander, Joseph, and Banay, Ralph S. "Psychosis Following Lobotomy in a Case of Sexual Psychopathology; Report of a Case," Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. Vol. 59 (1948): p. 302-21. (P. 303-11, 315, 321.)


"The Gentleman Degenerate. A Homosexualist's Self-Description and Self-Applied Title. Pudic Nerve Section Fails Therapeutically," Alienist and Neurologist. Vol. 2$, no. I (Feb. I, 1904): p. 62-70. (P. 68-70.)


Glass, S. J., and Johnson, Roswell, H. "Limitations and Complications of Organotherapy in Male Homosexuality," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology. Vol. 4, no. I I (1944): p. 540--44. (P. 541-43·)


Hadden, Samuel B. "Attitudes Toward and Approaches to the Problem of Homosexuality," Pennsylvania Medical Journal. Vol. 6, no. 9 (1957): p. 1195-98.


Harms, Ernest. "Homo-Anonymous," Diseases of the Nervous System. Vol. 14, no. 10 (1953): p. 318-19.


Henry, George W. Sex Variants; A Study of Homosexual Patterns. 2 vols. N.Y.: Paul B. Hoeber, 1941.


Hirschfeld, Magnus. "Adaptionsbehandlung (Anpassungstherapie) der HomosexualiHit." Trans. Henry Gerber from Die Homosexualitiit des Mannes und des Weibes, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1920): chap. 23, p. 439-61. In ONE Institute Quarterly. Vol. 5, nos. 2, 3, 4, issues 17 (Spring, Summer, Fall 1962): p. 41-54· (P. 41-46, 49-51, 54.)


Hughes, Charles H. "An Emasculated Homo-sexual. His Antecedent and Post-Operative Life," Alienist and Neurologist. Vol. 35 (1914): p. 277-80.


Kaye, Harvey E.; Berl, S.; Clare, J.; Eleston, M. R.; Gershwin, B. S.; Gershwin, P.; Kogan, S.; Torda, c.; and Wilbur, C. B. "Homosexuality in Women," Archives of General Psychiatry. Vol. 17 (Nov. 1967): p. 626-34. (P. 626, 632-34.)


Kiernan, James G. "Insanity. Lecture XXVI.-Perversion," Detroit Lancet. Vol. 7, no. II (May 1884): p. 481-84. (P. 483-84.)


---. "Psychical Treatment of Congenital Sexual Inversion," Review of Insanity and Nervous Disease. Vol. 4, no. 4 (June 1894): p. 293-95·


Klaich, Dolores. Woman + Woman; Attitudes Toward Lesbianism. N.Y.: Morrow, 1975, paperback. (P. 100-01.)


Liebman, Samuel. "Homosexuality, Transvestism, and Psychosis: Study of a Case Treated with Electroshock," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Vol. 99, no. 6 (1944): p. 945-58.


LoPiccolo, Joseph. "Case Study: Systematic Desensitization of Homosexuality," Behavior Therapy. Vol. 2, no. 3 (July 1971): p. 394-99· (P. 396-98.)


Lydston, G. Frank. "Sexual Perversion, Satyriasis and Nymphomania," Medical and Surgical Reporter. Vol. 61, no. 10 (Sept. 7,1889): p. 253-58. (P. 253.) Vol. 61, no. II (Sept. 14, 1889): 281-85. (P. 285·)


Max, Louis William. "Breaking Up a Homosexual Fixation by the Conditioned Reaction Technique: A Case Study," Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 32 (1935): p. 734·


Miller, Michael M. "Hypnotic-Aversion Treatment of Homosexuality," Journal of the National Medical Association. Vol. 55, no. 5 (1963): p. 4II-15, 436. (P. 4II-13, 415.)


Moore, Thomas V. "The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Homosexual Disorders: A Digest of Some Pertinent Evidence," Journal of Personality. Vol. 14 (1945): p. 47-83. (P. 57, 71-73.)


Owensby, Newdigate M. 'The Correction of Homosexuality," Urologic and Cutaneous Review. Vol. 45, no. 8 (1941): p. 494-96. (P. 495,496.)


---. "Homosexuality and Lesbianism Treated with Metrazol," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Vol. 92, no. I (1940): p. 65-66.


Quackenbos, John Duncan. "Hypnotic Suggestion in the Treatment of Sexual Perversions and Moral Anaesthesia: A Personal Experience," Transactions of the New Hampshire Medical Society. 1899: p. 69-91. (P. 69, 72, 75, 78-80.)


Raffalovich, Marc Andre. "Uranism, Congenital Sexual Inversion. Observations and Recommendations ... " Trans. C. Judson Herrick. Journal of Comparative Neurology. Vol. 5 (March 1895): p. 33-65. (P. 33-34,36-37,42,52.)


Robertiello, Richard C. Voyage from Lesbos: The Psychoanalysis of a Female Homosexual. N.¥.: Citadel, 1959. (P. 238-48, 253.)


Rosenzweig, Saul, and Hoskins, R. G. "A Note on the Ineffectualness of Sex-Hormone Medication in a Case of Pronounced Homosexuality," Psychosomatic Medicine. Vol. 3, no. 1 (1941): p.87-89·


Roueche, Berton. "Annals of Medicine; As Empty As Eve," The New Yorker. Sept. 9, 1974: p.84-100.


Schrenck-Notzing, Albert von. Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct. Authorized trans. from the German by Charles Gilbert Chaddock. Phila.: F. A. Davis, 1895.


Rutner, Ivan I. "A Double-barrel Approach to Modification of Homosexual Behavior," Psychological Reports. Vol. 26, no. 2 (1970): p. 355-58. (P. 356-58.)


Sharp, Harry Clay. "The Sterilization of Degenerates." Indiana Board of State Charities. National Christian League for the Promotion of Purity, 1908. (P. 1-2, 6.) Reprint of paper read before the American Prison Association, Chicago, 1909. N.Y. Public Library, Research Division.


Silverstein, Charles. [Review of John Bancroft's Deviant Sexual Behavior: Modification and Assessment. London: Oxford University Press, 1974.] Behavior Therapy. Vol. 6, no. 4 (July 1975)·


Smith, Alexander B., and Bassin, Alexander. "Group Therapy with Homosexuals," Journal of Social Therapy. Vol. 5, no. 3 (1959): p. 225-32. (P. 227, 231-32.)


Smec, J., and Freund, Kurt. "Treatment of Male Homosexuality through Conditioning," International Journal of Sexology. Vol. 7, no. 2 (1953): p. 92-93.


Stekel, Wilhelm. "Is Homosexuality Curable?" Trans. Bertrand S. Frohman. Psychoanalytic Review. Vol. 17 (Oct. 1930): p. 443-51. (P. 443, 447-48.)


Stevenson, Edward I. Prime (Xavier Mayne, pseud.). The Intersexes; A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life. [Naples?:] Privately printed, [by R. Rispoli, 1908?]; photo reprint, N.Y.: Amo, 1975. (P. II9-22, 549.)


Talbot, E. S., and Ellis, Havelock. "A Case of Degenerative Insanity, with Sexual Inversion, Melancholia, following Removal of Testicles, Attempted Murder and Suicide," Journal of Mental Science. Vol. 42, no. 177, new ser. no. 177 (April 1896): p. 340-44 (Le. 46-erroneous pagination in original). (P. 341-44.)


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TO BE INTEGRATED

This section includes the Bibliography and the Backnotes from the section on Treatment in {{GAH}, pages 589-599. In the acknowledgements in that section, Katz thanks "ames D. Steakley for his help in compiling this part, and for writing a first draft of the general introduction and introductions to the documents. Responsibility for the final versions is my own."


I. The various treatment types mentioned are all documented in the following section and notes.

Documentation of hysterectomy Part 3, "Passing Women," p. 276, 606n. 69.

Primal therapy, Vegetotherapy, musical analysis, astrology, Scientology, and Aesthetic Realism are documented by Ralph Blair, Etiology and Treatment Literature on Homosexuality, The Otherwise Monograph Series, no. 5 (National Task Force on Student Personnel Services and Homosexuality, 1972), p. 36-37; also see Blair "Part II: Treatment," for a good, documented discussion and summary of the subject of treatment.


Some of the early medical documents suggesting surgical measures for masturbation, satyriasis, etc., are cited by Vern L. Bullough and Martha Voght in "Homosexuality and the 'Secret Sin' in Pre-Freudian America," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 28, no. 2 (April 1973), p. 143-55;


and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life; Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1976), on sexual surgery, p. 82-83, 88-90,91 iI., 97, 104, 120-32,286-87,292-93. Also see note 5 below.


One of the strangest treatment documents meriting further research is


590 2. Edmund Bergler, "Eight Prerequisites for the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Homosexuality," Psychoanalytic Review (N.Y.), vol. 3 I (1944); see especially p. 255, 260, 266, 268-69, 277-79, 281-86. 

Also see Bergler's "Suppositions about the Mechanism of Criminosis," Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, vol. 5 (1943), p. 215-46 (especially case 4, p. 235). Permission to reprint excerpts from Bergler's papers was denied.


3. Martin S. Weinberg and Alan P. Bell, Homosexuality; An Annotated Bibliography (N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1972), p. 287. The source of the case cited is "Fatal Emetine Poisoning from Aversion Treatment," Re W. T. (Westminster Inquest, Feb. 7, 1964), Medico-Legal Journal, vol. 32, no. 2 (1964)'·'P. 95. 


The Weinberg and Bell bibliography contains a large, useful, alphabetical, annotated listing of books and articles dating from 1940 to 1968 on the treatment of homosexuals. The index provides a guide to types of treatment, and the introduction lists the various indexes and guides used in the compilation.


Documents on various treatment forms through 1969 are listed and indexed in William Parker, Homosexuality; A Selective Bibliography of Over 3.000 Items (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1971). 


The Institute for Sex Research provides mimeographed bibliographies on "Homosexuality-Aversion and Behavior Therapy" (Nov. 1972) and "Homosexuality Therapy: Pre-1940" (May 1974)·


4. James G. Kiernan, "Insanity. Lecture XXVI.-Perversion," Detroit Lancet, vol. 7, no. II (May 1884), p. 483-84. 5. James G. Kiernan, "Psychical Treatment of Congenital Sexual Inversion," Review of Insanity and Nervous Disease (Milwaukee, Wis.), vol. 4, no. 4 (June 1894), p. 295·


In 1889, the Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia published a lecture on "Sexual Perversion, Satyriasis and Nymphomania" which Dr. G. Frank Lydston had delivered at the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons. Although he discusses male and female homosexuality, Lydston makes no specific recommendation for treatment. But since he links homosexuality with satyriasis and nymphomania, there is an unspoken suggestion that it should be similarly treated; for the two "perversions" of which he speaks Lydston suggests "removal of irritation of the sexual apparatus," "anaphrodisiac remedies," "attempts to restrain sexual excesses, or to break the habit of masturbation." But if the "disease" is organic, it is probably incurable and requires more radical treatment: "In women, extirpation of the ovaries, or the procedure of Mr. Baker Brown-clitoridectomy-may be performed. Howe recommends the application of the actual cautery to the back of the neck. Basing this treatment upon the theory that the disease takes its origin in over-excitation of the nerve fibres of the cerebellum or some of the ganglia in the neighborhood, he also suggests blisters and setons to answer the same purpose. Dry cupping to the nucha is also serviceable. Means to restore the general health are always indicated. In the severe cases of the maniacal form of excessive sexual desire the asylum is usually our only recourse" (G. Frank Lydston, "Sexual Perversion, Satyriasis and Nymphomania," Medical and Surgical Reporter [Phila.], vol. 61, no. 1 I [Sept. 14, 1889], p. 285).


6. See "Removal of the Ovaries as a Therapeutic Measure in Public Institutions for the Insane," Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago), Feb. 4, 1893, p. 135-37. Dr. Price mentioned: p. 136-37. Also see "Domestic Correspondence," same, Feb. 18, 1893, p. 182-83.


7. F. E. Daniel, "Castration of Sexual Perverts," Texas Medical Journal (Austin), Aug. 1893, p. 255-71; reprint; Texas Medical Journal (Austin), vol. 27, no. 10 (April 1912) p. 371-72, 376-81. A note (p. 369) adds: "Under the title, 'Should Insane Criminals or Sexual Perverts be Permitted to Procreate?' this paper was read at the Joint Session of the World's Columbian Auxiliary Congress-Section of Medical Jurisprudence-and the International Medico-Legal Congress, August 16th, 1893, and also before the American Medico-Legal Society, New York, October lIth, 1893, and pub-


PAGE 591 lished in the 'Medico-Legal Journal' for December, and in the 'Psychological Bulletin,' New York." Dr. Daniel is identified in the 1912 reprint as the editor of the Texas Medical Journal.


Material on treatment of homosexuality is in R. von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, with Special Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct. A Medico-Legal Study. Authorized trans. of the 7th enlarged and rev. German ed. by Charles Gilbert Chaddock (Phila.: F. A. Davis, 1893).


8. Marc Andre Raffalovich, "Uranism, Congenital Sexual Inversion. Observations and Recommendations ... " trans. C. Judson Herrick, Journal of Comparative Neurology (Granville, Ohio), vol. 5 (March 1895), p. 33-34, 36-37, 42, 52. Background on Raffalovich is in Timothy d'Arch Smith, Love in Earnest; Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English 'Uranian' Poets from 1889 to 1930 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 29-34, 53, 77, 107, 153, 186, 249 and Brian Reade, ed., Sexual Heretics; Male Homosexuality in English Literature from 1850 to 1900 (N.Y.: CowardMcCann, 1970,P· 32-35, 38,40,50, 53)·


9. Havelock Ellis, "Sexual Inversion in Women," Alienist and Neurologist (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. 16, no. 2 (April 1895), p. 158.

See also: Havelock Ellis, "A Note on the Treatment of Sexual Inversion," Alienist and Neurologist (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. I7 (July 1896), p. 258-59.


In the mid-1890s, F. Hoyt Pilcher, the head of a Kansas institution for the feebleminded, had four boys and fourteen girls castrated without legal authority. It was explained in his defense that castration would prevent "excessive masturbation and pervert [sic] sexual acts". Public outcry stopped further castration (F. C. Cave, "Report of Sterilization in the Kansas State Home for Feeble-minded," Journal of PsychoAsthenics, vol. 15 [1911], p. 123-25; Arno Karlen, Sexuality and Homosexuality; A New View [N.Y.: Norton, 1971], p. 332).


10. E. S. Talbot and Havelock Ellis, "A Case of Developmental Degenerative Insanity, with Sexual Inversion, Melancholia, Following Removal of Testicles, Attempted Murder and Suicide," Journal of Mental Science (London), vol. 42, no. 177, new ser., no. 141 (April 1896), p. 341-44 (i.e., 46-erroneous pagination in original); 

Havelock Ellis, and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion (London: Wilson and Macmillan, 1897: photo reprint, N.Y.: Arno, 1975), p. 73.


I I. Harry Clay Sharp, "The Sterilization of Degenerates," Indiana Board of State Charities (National Christian League for Promotion of Purity, 1908), p. 1-2,6. Reprint of a paper read before the American Prison Association, Chicago, 1909 (in the N.Y. Public Library Research Division). Also see Sharp, "Human Sterilization," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 4, no. 12 (1909). In a paper titled "Surgical Treatment as Sex Crime Prevention Measure," Marie E. Kopp says that between 1889 and 1907 Dr. Sharp of the State Reformatory for Delinquent Boys at Jefferson, Indiana, performed "several hundred" vasectomies (Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 28 [Jan.-Feb. 1938], p. 687).


12. John Duncan Quackenbos, "Hypnotic Suggestion in the Treatment of Sexual Perversions and Moral Anaesthesia: A Personal Experience," Transactions of the New Hampshire Medical Society (Concord), 1899, p. 69,72,75,78-80.


13. "The Gentleman Degenerate. A Homosexualist's Self-Description and SelfApplied Title. Pudic Nerve Section Fails Therapeutically," Alienist and Neurologist (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. 25, no. I (Feb. I, 1904), p. 68-70. The editor of this journal, Dr. Charles H. Hughes of St. Louis, may be the anonymous physician-author of this piece.


See also R. von Krafft-Ebing, Text Book of Insanity (Phila.: F. A. Davis, 1904);


E. Goodell, "Suggestive Therapy in Sexual Perversion," American Journal of Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Disease (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. 8 (1904), p. 104-06.


14. Edward I. Prime Stevenson (Xavier Mayne, pseud.), The Intersexes; A History of


PAGE 592 Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life ([Naples?:] Privately printed [R. Rispoli, 1908?]; photo reprint, N.Y.: Arno, 1975), p. 119-22,549.

See also C. E. Goodell, "Sexual Perversion, Its Effects and Its Treatment," Medical Era (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. 19 (1910), p. 499-502; G. F. Lydston, "Sex Mutilations in Social Therapeutics, With Some of the Difficulties in the Application of Eugenics to the Human Race," New York Medical Journal, April 6, 1912.


15. A. A. Brill, "The Conception of Homosexuality," Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago), vol. 61 (Aug. 2, 1913), p. 335-40. Footnotes omitted.


See also Isador Coriat, "Homosexuality. Its Psychogenesis and Treatment," New York Medical Journal, vol. 97, no. 12 (March 22,1913), p. 589-94.


16. Magnus Hirschfeld, "Adaptionsbehandlung (Anpassungstherapie) der Homosexualitiit," ch. 23, p. 439-61 in Die Homosexualitiit des Mannes und des Weibes, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Louis Marcus, 1920). The same chapter appears in the first, 19 I 4, edition. I wish to thank Richard Plant for this translation.

Another translation, by Henry Gerber, the American homosexual rights pioneer, appears in ONE Institute Quarterly (Los Angeles), vol. 5, nos. 2-3-4, issue I? (Spring, Summer, Fall 1962). For the works of Alexander von Gleichen-Russwurm, f:lisar von Kupffer, and Edward Carpenter see part VI, note 10.


I? Charles H. Hughes, "An Emasculated Homo-sexual. His Antecedent and PostOperative Life," Alienist and Neurologist (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. 35 (1914), p. 277-80.


See also Emil Oberhoffer, "The Influence of Castration on the Libido," American Journal of Urology and Sexology, vol. 12 (Jan.-Dec. 1916), p. 58-60; Earl Lind, Autobiography of an Androgyne, ed. with an intro. by Alfred W. Herzog (N.Y.: MedicoLegal Press, 1918; photo reprint, N.Y.: Arno, 1975), p. 41-42, 74, 197-201, 230 (on his castration).


18. Sigmund Freud, "The Psychogenesis of a Case of Female Homosexuality," Inter- national Journal of Psycho-Analysis (London), vol. I, no. 2 (1920), p. 129-30. Freud, p. 125-27. Freud, p. 13 I. Freud, p. 133, 135· Freud, p. 136. Freud, p. 134· Freud, p. 144. Freud, p. 141-42. Freud, p. 148-49.


See also Martin W. Barr, "Some Notes on Asexualization; with a Report of Eighteen Cases" (includes references to females) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (Lancaster, Pa.), vol. 51, no. 3 (March 1920), p. 231-41; 


J. A. Gilbert, "Homosexuality <l;1d Its Treatment," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (Lancaster, Pa.), vol. 52, OJ. 4 (Oct. 1920), p. 297-322 (quoted in Part III, Passing Women);

Earl Lind, The h'male Impersonators ... , ed. with intro. by Alfred W. Herzog (N.Y.: Medico-Legal f 'ess, 1922; photo reprint, N.Y.: Arno, 1975), p. 16, 67;


Samuel Kahn, A Study of l.omosexuals and Their Education in the New York Correction Hospitals, M. A. thesis, N.Y. University School of Education, 1923, 149 p.


27. Wilhelm Stekel, "Is Homosexuality Curable?" trans. Bertrand S. Frohman, Psychoanalytic Review, vol. I? (Oct. 1930), p. 443, 447-48.

See also Albert MoH, Perversions of the Sex Instinct (Newark, N.J.: Julian Press, 1931) .


28. Helene Deutsch, "On Female Homosexuality," authorized trans. Edith B. Jack- son, Psychoanalytic Quarterly (N.Y.), vol. I (Oct. 1932), p. 484-88,490-91.

Another translation: "Homosexuality in Women," International Journal of Psychoanalysis (London), vol. 14 (1933), p. 34-56.


PAGE 593 29. Nicholas Deutsch, interviewed by Jonathan Katz, N.Y.C., Oct. 17, 1974. Freud's comment is not as unambiguously pro-Gay as it may first appear. Liberal heterosexuals have for long required Gay people to be happy in order to legitimate their homosexual orientation, a psychological obligation experienced by Gay people as a special burden.


30. La Forest Potter, Strange Loves: A Study in Sexual Abnormalities (N.Y.: Robert Dodsley, 1933), p. 161-62. Potter, p. 167, 173, 177-78. Potter, p. 118-19. Potter, p. 147· 34· Potter, p. 236-37·

See also K. Riedner, "Cure of Homosexuals," Sexology (N.Y.), vol. I (1933), p. 490-92;

Ernest Bien, "Why Do Homosexuals Undergo Treatment?," Anthropos (N.Y.), vol. I, no. I (Jan. 1934), p. 5-18; also in Medical Review of Reviews, vol. 40, no. I (Jan. 1934), p. 18-51 (includes Lesbian references);


A. A. Brill, "The Psychiatric Approach to the Problem of Homosexuality," Psychiatric Association and Student Health Association, vol. 15 (1934), p. 31-34; reprinted in Journal Lancet, vol. 55 (1935), p. 249-52.


35. Louis William Max, "Breaking Up a Homosexual Fixation by the Condition Reaction Technique: A Case Study," Psychological Bulletin (Washington, D.C.), vol. 32 (1935), p. 734·


See also A. W. Hackfield, "Ameliorative Effects of Therapeutic Castration on Habitual Sex Offenders," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 82, no. I (July 1935), p. 15-29; no. 2 (Aug. 1935), p. 169-81.


On April 9, 1935, Sigmund Freud answered an American mother who had written to him about treating her son's homosexuality: "Letter to An American Mother," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 107 (195 I), p. 786-87; various reprints;

George S. Sprague, "Varieties of Homosexual Manifestations," with discussion by Karl A. Menninger, Isador H. Coriat, Charles I. Lambert, Ernest M. Poate, and S. W. Hartwell, 1935; reprinted in The Homosexuals As Seen by Themselves and Thirty Authorities, ed. A. M. Krich, p. 174-87 (N.Y.: Citadel, 1954);


Marie E. Kopp, "Surgical Treatment as Sex Crime Prevention Measure," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 28 (Jan.-Feb. 1938), p. 692-706;

George W. Henry, Essentials of Psychiatry (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1938);


"Criminal Law, Sex Offenders, Civil Commitment for Psychiatric Treatment," Columbia Law Review, vol. 39 (1939), p. 534-44;


Hyman S. Barahal, "Testosterone in Psychotic Male Homosexuals," Psychiatric Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 2 (1940), p. 319-30.


For additional books and articles on treatment of homosexuality written or translated into English between 1940 and 1968, see Weinberg and Bell. For an additional bibliography on treatment through 1969, see Parker.


36. Newdigate M. Owensby, "The Correction of Homosexuality," Urologic and Cutaneous Review (St. Louis, Mo.), vol. 45, no. 8 (1941), p. 495.


37. Newdigate M. Owensby, "Homosexuality and Lesbianism Treated with Metrazol," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (N.Y.), vol. 92, no. I (1940), p. 65-66. Owensby, (1941), p. 496.


George N. Thompson, "Electroshock and Other Therapeutic Considerations in Sexual Psychopathology," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (N.Y.), vol. 109, no. 6 (June 1949), p. 531-39.


40. Saul Rosenzweig and R. G. Hoskins, "A Note on the Ineffectualness of SexHormone Medication in a Case of Pronounced Homosexuality," Psychosomatic Medicine (N.Y.), vol. 3, no. I (1941), p. 87-89.


For a relatively rare discussion of Lesbian treatment, see Morris Wolfe Brody, "An Analysis of the Psychosexual Development of a Female: With Special Reference to Homosexuality," Psychoanalytic Review, vol. 30, no. I (1943), p. 47-58; reprinted as


PAGE 594 "Psychosexual Development of a Female" in The Homosexuals As Seen By Themselves and Thirty Authorities, ed. A. M. Krich, p. 312-24 (N.Y.: Citadel, 1954)·

41. S. J. Glass and Roswell H. Johnson, "Limitations and Complications of Organotherapy in Male Homosexuality," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology (Phila.), vol. 4, no. II (1944), p. 541-43.


42. Samuel Liebman, "Homosexuality, Transvestism, and Psychosis: Study of a Case Treated with Electroshock," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (N.Y.), vol. 99,no.6(1944),P·945-47· Liebman, p. 950-53· Liebman, p. 957·


Thomas V. Moore, "The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Homosexual Disorders: A Digest of Some Pertinent Evidence," Journal of Personality (Durham, N.C.), vol. 14 (1945), p. 57. Footnote omitted. Moore, p. 72-73.


Ralph S. Banay and L. Davidoff, "Apparent Recovery of a Sex Psychopath after Lobotomy," Journal of Criminal Psychopathology (N.Y.), vol. 4, no. I (July 1942), p. 59-66. Here the doctors report that after lobotomy the patient's masturbation stopped, he became "complacent" and "tranquil," and "showed no sign of conflict with his environment." He "remained courteous, meek, obliging and attentive." The doctors conclude that lobotomy "might be a new and important development." A psychological dynamic here, unrecognized by the doctors, is a masochistic subject asking for a lobotomy, and the sadistic physicians obliging.


48. Joseph Friedlander and Ralph S. Banay, "Psychosis Following Lobotomy in a Case of Sexual Psychopathology; Report of a Case," Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry (Chicago), vol. 59 (1948), p. 303-11.


49. Friedlander and Banay, p. 3 15, 321.


See also Donald Webster Cory, pseud., "Can Homosexuality Be Cured?," Sexology, vol. 18 (Oct. 1951), p. 146-56 (an important early American homosexual emancipation movement statement, not listed in Weinberg and Bell).


50. J. Srnec and Kurt Freund, "Treatment of Male Homosexuality through Conditioning," International Journal of Sexology (Bombay), vol. 7, no. 2 (1953), p. 92-93.


51. Karl M. Bowman, "Sexual Deviation Research," California Assembly Judiciary Subcommittee on Sex Research, March 1952.


52. Karl M. Bowman and Bernice Engle, "The Problem of Homosexuality," Journal of Social Hygiene (N.Y.), vol. 39, no. I (1953), p. 10-11.


53. Ernest Harms, "Homo-Anonymous," Diseases of the Nervous System (Memphis, Tenn.), vol. 14, no. ro (1953), p. 318-19.


54. Dolores Klaich, Woman + Woman; Attitudes Toward Lesbianism (N.Y.: Mor- row, 1975), paperback, p. roo-Ol.


55. Frank S. Caprio, Female Homosexuality; A Psychodynamic Study of Lesbianism, Foreword Karl M. Bowman (N.Y.: Grove Press, Evergreen Black Cat, 1962), p. 299- 301, 304.


See also Harold A. Abramson, "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25), III. As an Adjunct to Psychotherapy with Elimination of Fear of Homosexuality," Journal of Psychology, vol. 39 (Jan. 1955), p. 127-55. Abramson presents a verbatim recording of a four-hour interview with a forty-year-old woman, who under the influence of LSD speaks of her fear of Lesbianism. Abramson was the LSD expert, trusted by the CIA, who in Nov. 1953 twice examined Frank R. Olson-just before he committed suicide as a result of his involuntary participation in a CIA drug experiment (New York Times, July 11,1975, p. 34, col. 5)·


For a relatively rare Lesbian treatment reference, see Albert Ellis, "The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy with Individuals Who Have Severe Homosexual Problems" (28 males, 12 females), Journal of Consulting Psychology, vol. 20 (1956), p. 191-95; reprinted in

PAGE 595 The Problem of Homosexuality in Modern Society, ed. Hendrik M. Ruitenbeek, p. 175-82 (N.Y.: Dutton, 1963); and Albert Ellis, "The Use of Psychotherapy with Homosexuals" (41 males, 12 females), Mattachine Review, vol. 2, no. I (1956), p. 14-16.


56. Samuel B. Hadden, "Attitudes Toward and Approaches to the Problem of Homosexuality," Pennsylvania Medical Journal (Lemoyne, Pa.), vol. 6, no. 9 (1957), p. 1195-98.

For a Lesbian treatment reference, see Albert Ellis, "New Hope for Homosexuals," 1958, reprinted in The Third Sex, ed. Isadore Rubin, p. 53-57 (N.Y.: New Book Co., 1961) .


57. Richard C. Robertiello, Voyage from Lesbos: The Psychoanalysis of a Female Homosexual (N.Y.: Citadel, 1959), p. 238-47.


For a Lesbian treatment reference, see Fred Mendelsohn and Matthew Ross, "An Analysis of 133 Homosexuals Seen at A University Health Service" (109 males, 24 females), Diseases of the Nervous System, vol. 20, no. 6 (1959), p. 246-50.


58. Alexander B. Smith and Alexander Bassin, "Group Therapy with Homosexuals," Journal of Social Therapy (N.Y.), vol. 5, no. 3 (1959), p. 227, 231-32.


59. Moses Zlotlow and Albert E. Paganini, "Autoerotic and Homoerotic Manifestations in Hospitalized Male Postlobotomy Patients, Psychiatric Quarterly (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.), vol. 33, no. 3 (1959), p. 495·


60. Zlotiow and Paganini, p. 492-94, 496-97.


Also see Thomas Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness (N.Y.: Hoeber and Harper, 196 I).


61. Michael M. Miller, "Hypnotic-Aversion Treatment of Homosexuality," Journal of the National Medical Association, vol. 55, no. 5 (1963), p. 411-13, 415. Brief biographical information on Miller is in the American Medical Directory, 24th ed. (1967), part 2, p. 1503.


For Lesbian treatment references, see Richard C. Robertiello, "Clinical Notes: Results of Separation from Iposexual Parents During the Oedipal Period, [and] A Female Homosexual Panic," Psychoanalytic Review, vol. 51, no. 4 (1964-65), p. 670-72;

M. Roman, "The Treatment of the Homosexual in the Group," Topical Problems in Psychotherapy, vol. 5 (1965), p. 170-75; 


Charles W. Socarides, "Female Homosexuality," in Sexual Behavior and the Law, ed. Ralph Slovenko, p. 462-77 (Springfield, Ill.:


Charles C. Thomas, 1965); Cornelia B. Wilbur, "Clinical Aspects of Female Homosexuality," in Sexual Inversion: The Multiple Roots of Homosexuality, ed. Judd Marmor, p. 268-8 I (N.Y.: Basic Books, 1965);


Helga Aschaffenburg, "Relationship Therapy with a Homosexual: A Case History," Pastoral Counselor, vol. 4, no. I (1964), p. 412; 


John P. Kemph and Erna Schwerin, "Increased Latent Homosexuality in a Woman During Group Therapy," International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, vol. 16, no. 2 (1966), p. 217-24.


See also Thomas S. Szasz, Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry: An Inquiry into the Social Uses of Mental Health Practices (N.Y.: Macmillan, 1963);


Donald Webster Cory, pseud., and John P. LeRoy, pseud., "Why Homosexuals Resist Cure," Sexology, vol. 30, no. 7 (1964), p. 480-82 (an early homosexual emancipationist statement);


Maurice Labelle, "Laws Need to Force 'Homos' to Seek Help," Coral Gable [Fla.] Times, Feb. 4, 1965, p. 6, 8; Edwin M. Schur, Crimes without Victims; Deviant Behavior and Public Policy: Abortion, Homosexuality, and Drug Addiction (Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1965);


Fritz A. Fluckiger, "Research Through a Glass Darkly: An Evaluation of the Bieber Study on Homosexuality," privately printed, 1966 (a homosexual emancipationist statement).


62. Harvey E. Kaye and others, "Homosexuality in Women," Archives of General Psychiatry (Chicago), vol. 17 (Nov. 1967), p. 626, 633-34. Footnote omitted.


63. Kaye, p. 632-33.

PAGE 596

64. Joseph R. Cautela, "Covert Sensitization," Psychological Reports (Missoula, Mont.), vol. 20, no. 2 (1967), p. 464-65·


See also Donald Webster Cory, pseud., "Homosexuality," in The Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior, eds. Albert Ellis and Albert Abarbanel, p. 485-93, 2nd rev. ed. (N.Y.: Hawthorn, 1967); 


Jerome D. Frank, "Treatment of Homosexuals," Working Paper Prepared for the National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality, mimeographed (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1967), 13 p.;


Evelyn Hooker and others, "Final Report of the National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality," reprinted in SIECUS Newsletter (Dec. 1970).


For Lesbian treatment references, see Thomas L. Doyle, "Homosexuality and Its Treatment," Nursing Outlook, vol. 15, no. 8 (1967), p. 38-40; 


Joshua s. Golden, "Varieties of Sexual Problems in Obstetrical and Gynecological Practice," in Sexual Problems: Diagnosis and Treatment in Medical Practice, ed. Charles William Wahl (N.Y.: Free Press, 1967), p. 53-61;



Irving C. Bernstein, "Homosexuality in Gynecologic Practice," South Dakota Journal of Medicine, vol. 21 (March 1968), p. 33-39·



According to Blair (p. 27), a survey reported in Modern Medicine (April 1969, p. 20) found that only one in four Lesbians interviewed wanted to become heterosexual.


65. Ivan T. Rutner, "A Double-barrel Approach to Modification of Homosexual Behavior," Psychological Reports (Missoula, Mont.), vol. 26, no. 2 (1970), p. 356-58. Notes omitted.


See also Thomas Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness (N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1970); Chicago Gay Liberation Front, "A Leaflet for the American Medical Association," (1970), reprinted in Out of the Closets; Voice of Gay Liberation, eds. Karla Jay and Allen Young (N.Y.: Douglass, 1972), p. 145-47;


Christopher Z. Hobson (James Coleman, pseud.), "Surviving Psychotherapy," Radical Therapy, vol. 2, no. 2 (Sept. 1971), reprinted in Jay and Young, p. 147-53;


Radicalesbians Health Collective, "Lesbians and the Health Care System," mimeographed, 1971, reprinted in Jay and Young, p. 122-41;


Franklin E. Kameny, "Gay Liberation and Psychiatry," Psychiatric Opinion, vol. 8, no. I (Feb. 1971), p. 18-27, reprinted in The Homosexual Dialectic, ed. Joseph A. McCaffrey (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972); 


Marty Robinson, "Homosexuals & Society: The 'Cure' Is Rebellion," Village Voice (N.Y.), April 29, 1971; Donn Teal, The Gay Militants (N.Y.: Stein and Day, 197 I; on treatment p. 293-301);


Gary AIinder, "Gay Liberation Meets the Shrinks," in Jay and Young, p. 141-45.


66. A strikingly similar report of a female victim of shock treatment (though not involving homosexuality) is by Berton Roueche, "Annals of Medicine; As Empty As Eve," The New Yorker, Sept. 9,1974, p. 84-100.


See also Charles Silverstein (review of John Bancroft's Deviant Sexual Behavior: Modification and Assessment [London: Oxford University, 1974] in) Behavior Therapy, vol. 6, no. 4 (July 1975)·


67. On mental institution commitment policy and practice, see Thomas S. Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness; A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement (N.Y.: Delta Books, Dell, 1970), p. 49-52,54-56,62,64-67.

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