New York City Police Raid Ariston Hotel Baths: February 21, 1903

In the United States, on February 21, 1903, New York City police conducted the earliest known raid on a bathhouse catering to men interested in sex with men, the Ariston Hotel Baths.

Twenty-six men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on sodomy charges; 7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison.

Chauncey on the raid

The raid and subsequent trials are detailed by George Chauncey in Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, May 18, 1995.

Belonsky on the raid

In 2010, blogger Andrew Belonsky looked at some of the documents resulting from this 1903 raid:

While Stonewall deserves plenty of recognition for its pivotal role as the rebellion's backdrop, it wasn't the first New York City establishment to be raided over its patrons' sexuality. That, um, honor goes toraid the Ariston Bathhouse, where police detained 60 men, and arrested 14, in a February, 21, 1903 sting, all the while referring to suspects as "maude" and "indignant lady."

The New York Times reported at the time, "[Inspector] Brooks said evidence has been gathered for week against the place and that the conduct of some of the frequenters of the establishment was questionable." Transcripts from the subsequent trials illuminate the horror and hilarity of homophobia in early New York.

I recently made my way to John Jay Criminal College's Lloyd Sealy Library in New York City to take a look at the microfilmed court transcripts, most of which are from the early spring of 1903. The documents are at times amusing in their detail. Here, for example, is an exchange between a prosecutor and one of the undercover police dispatched to the bath house, once located at 55th and Broadway, and one of the city's man bathhouses at the time.

Q: What did you notice the defendant do?

A: He walked over to the couch that the man Walter Bennett was lying on... And he placed his penis in the anus of the man Walter Bennett, and kept it there for a short time.

Q: Now, did you notice the state of the defendant's genital organ or penis, at the time that, as you say, he placed it in the anus of the man Walter Bennett?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: In what state was it?

A: It was in a state of erection.

Q: And what, if anything, did he do to Bennett other than that act?

A: Oh, he laid down, after he withdrew his penis from -

Q: Well, after he withdrew his penis, did you notice the penis of the defendant?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: And in what condition was the penis of the defendant, after he had withdrawn it from the anus of Bennett?

A: In a state of collapse.

This exchange illustrates the neurotic specificity Americans had about sexuality, particularly homosexuality, at the dawn of the 20th century, only 107-years ago. Desire and sex had been systematically broken down, rationalized into "good" and "bad," and picked apart from every angle. Oral sex becomes this: "[He] took the penis of he defendant in his mouth and made indecent motions."

While cultural evolution allows us to laugh at the prosecutorial analysis, the court's overall attitude is anything but funny. The judge had no problem voicing his distaste over the case, and wrote in his opinion:

We cannot disguise the fact that any reference to the testimony in the case must necessarily be very unpleasant and disagreeable. It affects the very self respect for ourselves and regard for humanity. It brings to the mind a species of horror to think that any person, any human being endowed with intelligence, with reason, would be guilty of such horrible practices...

Even one of the defense attorneys claimed the details were "revolting:" "The mere statement of the crime charged against the defendant is liable to carry with it a certain revulsion off feelings that may be reasonably entertained by every man who has a decent regard for the proprieties and manliness of his sex."

The prosecutors were quite persuasive: of the twelve men put on trial, seven received multiple years in prison. There were no protests, no marches to oppose the decision. The men were simply ushered off to jail, victims of early America's widespread homophobia, and forgotten by history.

Surely we've come a long way since the 1903 Ariston Trials. As the Stonewall attack and other homophobic incidents show, however, there's still more work to be done before the Ariston judge's 1903 opinion on homosexuality has been eradicated entirely.

Belonsky's blog was accompanied by a photo of a bathhouse scene and the following note: Image Note: This is not the Ariston Bathhouse. Rather, it's another bathhouse, located on Bowery, in the year 1884, less than two decades after the word "homosexual" was first used.

New York Times, "POLICE RAID ARISTON BATHS" February 22, 1903

Newspaper References (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)

1903, February 22: New York Times (New York [N.Y.].

1903, July 3: The sun. (New York [N.Y.]), July 03, 1903, Page 9, Image 9. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".

1903, October 17: The sun. (New York [N.Y.]), October 17, 1903, Image 10. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".

1903, November 19: The sun. (New York [N.Y.]), November 19, 1903, Page 3, Image 3. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".

1903, November 20: The Paducah sun. (Paducah, Ky.), November 20, 1903, Image 4. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".

1903, November 20: The San Francisco call. (San Francisco [Calif.]), November 20, 1903, Image 5. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".

1904, February 14: The sun. (New York [N.Y.]), February 14, 1904, Page 5, Image 5. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".

1904, December 31: The sun. (New York [N.Y.]), December 31, 1904, Image 1. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Search term: "Ariston Bath".